Diversity And Equality In The Workplace Social Work Essay

Decent variety And Equality In The Workplace Social Work Essay The work environment is perpetually evolving. With the quantity of working ladies rising consistently for a considerable length of time and the normal age of the workforce expanding (BBC News 2008), it is more differing than any time in recent memory. Overseeing decent variety and correspondence in the work environment is a significant administrative competency. Rewarding individuals similarly is basic to being a compelling and fruitful association. In regard of the a wide range of measurements in which individuals contrast, regardless of whether by age, sex, race, religion, handicap, or sexual direction, associations have an obligation to proactively advance fairness all through their foundation. Inside these associations workers despite everything face numerous difficulties and experience parts of disparity and separation. These issues in their particular associations are an obstacle that forestall movement and achievement and can cause the profession improvement of representatives to endure. Segregation can come in numerous structures, notwithstanding, the key factor that will be centered around with respect to separation is the discriminatory constraint and the negative impacts it has on ladies and their vocation improvement. In this exposition, the term unreasonable impediment will be characterized, reasons clarifying how and why ladies are probably going to experience the discriminatory constraint will be talked about and ideas, for example, the Queen Bee Syndrome, sexual orientation pay hole and sex belief system will be investigated. The exposition will at that point analyze the measures Human Resources specialists can take to address the issues of imbalance experienced by ladies. For ladies in the work environment, the battle to ascend the company pecking order and arrive at the top appears to be far off a direct result of the biased based impediment. The hypothesis known as the unattainable rank is characterized as fake boundaries dependent on attitudinal or hierarchical predisposition that keep qualified people from progressing to places of intensity offering more significant compensations and greater obligation and authority (International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2008). It has been realized that ladies experience huge degrees of disappointment at each phase because of the obstructions of movement despite the fact that the limited time jobs are inside sight and capacity. Flanders (1994) recommends that the explanation the hindrance of the discriminatory constraint exists and is applied upon ladies is a result of societys disposition, preference towards ladies and the assumption that the work environment and administrative position are for the m ost part male based. There are different manners by which ladies can encounter the unfair limitation with likewise a tremendous measure of proof to help this. The sexual orientation pay hole is the most usually utilized guide to show the disparity among people. The compensation hole is characterized as the deficit between how much men acquire and how much ladies procure (Padavic Reskin, 2002, p121). Contrasting time-based compensation of people, in view of the mean income, the 2009 figures expressed that womens time-based compensation was 16.4% not as much as men for full time representatives and 13.2% for low maintenance workers, in contrast with the 2008 figures of 17.4% and 15.2% individually (Office for National Statistics, 2010), however the figures despite everything stand as a high rate. Despite the fact that the Equal Pay Act (1970) was presented which makes it unlawful for bosses to segregate among people in their compensation and conditions when they are doing likewise or comparative work, work appraised as proportional, or work of equivalent worth (Government Equalities Office, 2010), ladies in the workforce despite everything keep on procuring impressively not exactly their male partners. The compensation hole is definitely of worry in the account area, in spite of ladies and men making up equivalent extents of the workers, ladies win essentially not exactly their male partners, when explored by the commission of equity and human rights (2010), the outcomes were frightening, the request found that on normal ladies win 55% not as much as men in their yearly pay rates, this figure contrasted with the normal compensation hole was altogether higher. The huge distinction in the compensation hole shows that the disparity among people is as yet present and is a zone in the work environment where there is cause for concern. For those that have broken the unfair limitation and have arrived at senior administration positions, they have not been influenced by what is known as blocked advancement. Ladies on all levels face blockages and think that its difficult to climb the company pecking order. Davidson and Cooper (1992) express that as of now advancements depend on the capacity to be versatile and move to various locales if essential. It is likewise expressed that The condition of existing conjugal connections and the inclination of most associations to advance by work move in this way make it incredibly hard for ladies to propel their vocations far (Davidson and Cooper, 1992). Sex imbalance and a sex-sex chain of command have been shaped based on societys treatment towards the genders in which men are preferred over ladies (Padavic Reskin, 2002). It is this idea wherein society has shaped previously established inclinations that the keeps an eye on occupation is better than the womans. Accordingly no do ubt a choice as great as migration would not happen based on the advancement of a lady. Ladies are additionally connected with the trait of being compliant; this thusly would likewise be a contributing element to ladies being more averse to move with their family for work in contrast with men. With the unfair limitation, sexual orientation pay hole and societys generalizations, ladies in the work environment as of now face numerous difficulties of imbalance and segregation. Presently theres a significant, and fairly surprising, expansion to the rundown known as the female chief, who shows the Queen Bee Syndrome. The Queen Bee Syndrome happens when ladies in administrative positions oppress other ladies, frequently to do with their own uncertainties and feeling compromised, this condition may now and then be as significant as sexism in keeping down womens vocations (Dobson Iredale, 2006). It is normal for ladies to feel compromised by other ladies which would bring about resistances being raised. Poe Courter (1994) show how ladies directors are not generally thoughtful concerning other ladies, in an investigation of 2,405 pregnancy-separation claims in Ohio somewhere in the range of 1985 and 1990, specialists found that 36% of the administrators who would not employ pregnan t ladies or let them come back to work were ladies (Poe Courter. 1994, p5). For ladies to beat the discriminatory limitation the Queen Bee Syndrome should be annihilated. Davidson Cooper (1992) clarifies how in their discoveries, the Queen Bee Syndrome is a sort of conduct that isn't displayed in all ladies, and there are those that have declared to put forth attempts to support other ladies. Annihilation of this disorder will possibly happen when the ladies that are in a situation to apply this conduct have confirmation that their job isn't under danger. This thus will wipe out all zones of weaknesses and along these lines the conduct that follows. Sex generalizations are the most well-known motivation behind why lady face separation and experience the biased based impediment. These generalizations are socially shared convictions that connection genders with traits and abilities and are a piece of sex belief system (Padavic and Reskin, 2002). The commission for balance and human rights (2010) states that businesses despite everything have cliché perspectives on what is characterized as womens work and mens work. This clearly can be formed and risen above into the enrollment and determination procedure of a particular activity job and segregation can happen. These steady generalizations produce a nearby ID among men and the board (McTavish Miller, 2006). It is contended that administration is a sex composed occupation and there is a high proportion of men as of now in the board jobs because of the properties required for the executives firmly connected with the qualities of men (Kakabadse, Bank Vinnicombe, 2005). Cliché though ts comparable to the workforce and the board recommend why there is word related isolation in the working environment and why men are in the senior administrative positions and why ladies experience the biased based impediment. The hypothesis of sex philosophy utilizes a lot of shared presumptions about the way genders are to conduct and certain standards and qualities related with those genders to clarify why ladies face disparity and the unfair limitation in the work environment (Padavic and Reskin, 2002). This belief system limits womens business choices as they might be esteemed unacceptable for specific jobs. Padavic and Reskin (2002) at that point lead on to talk about how this belief system prompts physical isolation which keeps ladies near the home and away from the workforce. This to a great extent identifies with societys assumptions of men being socially acknowledged as providers in the family. Since the beginning a man centric social framework, in which men have authority over ladies has won (Powell Graves, 2003). It was in the nineteenth century dependent on this social framework that the idea of the family wage hypothesis was presented. The hypothesis was a goal embraced by male exchange unionists at the turn of the nineteenth century in their battle for improved wages dependent on the contention that a compensation ought to be adequate to keep up a family (A word reference for Sociology, 2008). These days it is regularly refered to as a factor in clarifications of womens burdened situation in the working environment (A word reference for Sociology, 2008). The male centric framework and the hypothesis of family wage have imparted desires that men are the providers and suppliers for their family and ladies are mediocre compared to men. This has created after some time and has added to why ladies face the unreasonable impediment in the working environment. The job of Human Resource experts is a troublesome one; they face the job of tending to imbalance by executing approaches to determine the issue. Obviously procedures and arrangements should be set up to address the issue. An unmistakable issue that encompasses ladies is family and the capacity to think about the family. The arrangement and maintenance of fami

Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism is a development of the restoration of a traditional style of antiquated Greece as well as old Rome in embellishing expressions, writing, design, and music. One such development was predominant in Europe from the mid-eighteenth to the nineteenth hundreds of years. Neoclassicism centers around balance, principally with the utilization of circles and squares. The utilization of triangular pediments and domed rooftops is additionally common among Neoclassical design. These attributes were influenced by the Age of Reason’s thoughts that design ought to be sensible and adjusted rather than over beautifying. Neoclassicism was persuasive in the brightening expressions too.Furniture was planned by creators and delivered by furniture producers. One celebrated engineer who structured furniture is Robert Adam. Rather than the cabriole style leg, he utilized straight legs and he structured his own examples on the backs of his seat. Robert Adam’s improving expressions can be found in the insides, for example, in the Etruscan Room (figure 1) at Osterley Park House. Here, Robert Adam utilizes traditional Roman beautifying themes motivated by Herculaneum and Pompeii. Adam additionally planned level unusual boards, which were roused from Roman wall painting. figure 1Although neoclassical design was principally affected by Roman and Greek engineering, it become its very own development, with its own guidelines and driving figures. The Rotunda (figure 2) by Andrea Palladio was enlivened by the Pantheon in Rome. It thus, was roused by Brunelleschi’s twofold walled pointed curve vault. The huge windows utilized became know as Palladian windows, which is a noticeable component in neoclassical design. The Rotunda at that point impacted the Chiswick House (figure 3) structured by Lord Burlington. The Chiswick House has a basic balanced arrangement and comprise of numerous Palldian style design elements.The Chiswick House at that point affected Thomas Jeffreson’s Monticello in the United States. figure 2figure 3 By the late eighteenth century, Thomas Jefferson had grasped the neoclassical style in his plans for Monticello (figure 4) and the Virginia State Capitol (figure 5). Monticello depended on the neoclassical standards of Andrea Palladio. Monticello is comparative in appearance to the Chiswick House. The Virginia State Capitol is the main Neoclassical structure in the United States, propelled by the Mason Carae, with Etruscan steps, colonnade, and triangular pediment. Jefferson supported Neoclassicism as the authority rchitectural style of the United States, otherwise called the Federal style after the American Revolution. For Jefferson, it suggested new majority rules system by following its underlying foundations back to Greece, the starting point of popular government. (figure 4)(figure 5) Neoclassicism was something other than a classical restoration; it was a response against the over enlivening Baroque Art and the Rococo Art of the occasions. Making progress toward fairness after the transformation of United States and France, Neoclassicism immediately extended and impacted Europe and North America in enhancing expressions, writing, design, and music.In the end, it likewise lead individuals to another perspective. Book index Buie Harwood, Bridgate May, and Curt Sherman, Architecture and Interior Design through the eighteenth Century. Reference book Britannica, NEOCLASSICISM, http://lilt. ilstu. edu/jhreid/neoclassicism. htm Architecture 411, Neo-Classical Architecture, http://www. architecture411. com/notes/note. php? id_note=6 GreatBuildings, Neo-Classical Architecture, http://www. greatbuildings. com/types/styles/neo-old style. html

Join us for Twitter Talk Thursday! COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Join us for Twitter Talk Thursday! COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We know youve got questions and we want to answer them. Our admissions and financial aid officers answer your questions about student life, the application process, fellowships and more, via emails, phone calls and the  Admissions Blog. We also host weekly webinars and in-person information sessions. But we want to do more for you. So were trying something new in the Office of Admissions Financial Aid.  Starting this month, were introducing a new way to get in touch with us:  Twitter Talk Thursdays.  This monthly, one-hour chat session will allow you to ask us in real-time your most pressing admissions questions. Not sure how to answer the optional essay? Want to confirm the types of course listings to include on your quantitative resume? Curious about the differences between scholarships and assistantships? Then this monthly event is for you! So get online, craft your questions and connect with us in 140 characters or less! (Photo courtesy of TheSocialSkinny.com) During Twitter Talk Thursdays, ask us your questions, live on Twitter, at @ColumbiaSIPA  using  #askSIPA.   To accommodate both our domestic and international applicants, were hosting two, one-hour sessions every month. (Twitter Talk Thursdays take place the last Thursday of the month.) Heres the schedule for Twitter Talk Thursdays: January 29, 2015 9:00-10:00 a.m. EST 12:00-1:00 p.m. EST A special addition for Fall 2015 applicants! The application deadline is February 5, 2015. February 26, 2015 9:00-10:00 a.m. EST 12:00-1:00 p.m. EST March 26, 2015 9:00-10:00 a.m. EST 12:00-1:00 p.m. EST April 30, 2015 9:00-10:00 a.m. EST 12:00-1:00 p.m. EST We look forward to tweeting with you! Remember, tweet us  @ColumabiSIPA  with #askSIPA.

Lighting Design for the Washginton Monument

9/11...a Turning Point - 1408 Words

9/11†¦A Turning Point There have been many turning points in American history; however none have had the same effects as September 11, 2001, and many people relate the day to the country’s loss of innocence. As a result of 9/11 many civil liberties were taken away, security was heightened, and there have been numerous effects on Americans. Although the attack happened on American soil, it can really be characterized as an attack on civilization itself, because people from more than 80 nationalities perished on that day (Hitchens). An American’s civil liberties are among some of the most important rights awarded to a citizen. After 9/11 some of those liberties were taken away by the expansion of executive power, the National Security†¦show more content†¦NRC). Anyone living in America felt there was an obvious need for heightened security following 9/11, and there is a good chance that these measures possibly halted further terrorist attacks. The aftermath of 9/11 affected many people across the country in different ways. The health of many that were near ground zero was negatively affected. There was a new found patriotism that arose from the despair, and people became more aware of their surroundings. As a result of the devastation brought on by 9/11, anyone within a reasonable distance of Ground Zero at the time of the towers’ collapse would have been exposed to the dust. The dust and debris contained numerous harmful chemicals which eventually led to health problems for those exposed to them. In addition, many concerned volunteers, contractors, and rescue workers were brought in from around the country to help in the recovery/clean-up effort at ground zero. These people were exposed to the fumes of smoldering fires as well as the dust, resulting in many health problems as well. Respiratory issues are among the most common, but many also suffer from mental trauma such as post traumatic stress disorder and depression (Geller) . A good consequenceShow MoreRelatedFrom Reagan to Obama: Turning Points in Presidencies1070 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿From Reagan to Obama Turning Points (ONE) Two Major Turning Points From Reagans Through Obamas Presidency Two major turning historical turning points during the era from Ronald Reagan through Barack Obama were: a) the end of the Cold War as Mikhail Gorbachev introduced democratic institutions into Soviet society; and b) the terrorists attacks on New York and Washington, D.C., changed the way Americans think about protecting their homeland and motivated the president (Bush) to launch a disastrousRead MoreAnalysis Of Mohsin Hamid s The Reluctant Fundamentalist890 Words   |  4 Pagesnegative aspects of American pre- and post-9/11. Her acceptance of Changez is overwhelming at first, embracing and reveling in his diversity. 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On the other handRead MoreHuntington And Mamdani s Views On Culture And Islam733 Words   |  3 Pages Huntington and Mamdani make two very different arguments. They both make points about what causes conflict. Huntington describes his theories on a future â€Å"clash of civilizations† while Mamdani argues that 9/11 did not happen because of a clash of civilizations. Mamdani also disagrees with Huntington’s opinions on culture and Islam. Huntington believes that the world can be organized by civilizations based on culture instead of political or economic systems. Huntington focuses on two civilizationsRead MoreMetcalfe County Middle School : Cumberland Comes To Town1218 Words   |  5 PagesCumberland Comes to Town For the second matchup of the year, Metcalfe County Middle School took on Cumberland at home. The 6th grade team started out on, scoring 13 of their points in the first quarter and holding Cumberland to 2 points. The second quarter was low on field goals with CCMS making the only basket. The half-time score was Metcalfe 13 to Cumberland’s 2. Rebounding between the teams were even and Aubrey Glass led rebounding for the Hornets with 7, her game high. Bree Jolly led stealsRead MoreHow Did 9/11/01 Affect the Way We Live in America Today?958 Words   |  4 PagesHow did 9/11/01 affect the way we live in America today? There have been many turning points in American History; however none have the same effect as September 11, 2001, and many Americans relate the day to the country’s loss of innocence. As a result of 9/11 many American’s lives were affected emotionally, physically, economically, and politically. A month after the terrorist attack in the US, a war was launched by the United States. This war was known as the â€Å"fight back† war. 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We don t remember a time before  ¨Can Mr. Ahmed Come to the Security Office? ¨ and  ¨ISIS has killed another 400 People in an Attack Today†¦.† To us, the distrust and dislike of Muslims isn’t just normal, it’s commonplace. Americans took the 9/11 attacks personally while Muslims took the hit, with hate crimes still five times higher than pre-9/11 some fifteen years

Address Resolution Protocol Free Essays

————————————————- Address Resolution Protocol The  Address Resolution Protocol  (ARP) is a  computer networking  protocol for determining a network host’s link layer or hardware address when only its  Internet Layer  (IP) or  Network Layer  address is known. This function is critical in local area networking as well as for routing internetworking traffic across gateways (routers) based on  IP addresses  when the next-hop router must be determined. ARP was defined by  RFC 826  in 1982. We will write a custom essay sample on Address Resolution Protocol or any similar topic only for you Order Now [1]  It is  Internet Standard  STD 37. ARP has been implemented in many types of networks, such as  Internet Protocol  (IP) network,  CHAOS,  DECNET, Xerox  PARC Universal Packet,  Token Ring,  FDDI,  IEEE 802. 11  and other  LAN  technologies, as well as the modern high capacity networks, such as  Asynchronous Transfer Mode  (ATM). Due to the overwhelming prevalence of  IPv4  and Ethernet in general networking, ARP is most frequently used to translate  IPv4 addresses  into Ethernet  MAC addresses. In the next generation Internet Protocol,  IPv6, ARP’s functionality is provided by the  Neighbor Discovery Protocol  (NDP). ———————————————— Overview and IPv4-plus-Ethernet example Consider a LAN where machines using IPv4 over Ethernet wish to communicate. A sender wishes to send a message to some other machine on the LAN and knows a destination IPv4 address. The desti nation IPv4 address is hopefully associated with some appropriate network interface belonging to the recipient machine, and is present on the LAN. But in order for communication to succeed, the sending machine  first needs to discover the ethernet MAC address of the intended recipient network interface. This requirement comes about because Ethernet hardware does not (necessarily) understand IPv4 protocols or IPv4 addresses in the sense that Ethernet hardware ‘listens out for’ relevant Ethernet MAC addresses but does not ‘listen out for’ IPv4 addresses. (An impractical alternative would be to have all units listen to every Ethernet packet and inspect the contents for relevant IPv4 addresses, discarding the packets that are intended for other devices, but this would be very inefficient. ) So before sending an IPv4 packet, the sender sends a roadcast message onto the LAN using ARP in order to discover the Ethernet MAC address of some interface that is listening for that desired target IPv4 address. Some appropriate unit replies that it has a network interface with a certain MAC address that is associated with the IPv4 address in question. The original would-be sender now has the information needed and can go ahead and send its IPv4 packet to the destination in serting it into an Ethernet frame with the correct destination MAC address for the appropriate recipient. The sender’s operating system also stores the newly discovered MAC address in a table (‘caches’ the result). This table of mappings from IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses is retained and consulted again and again, so the ARP discovery procedure only has to be performed one time, when a packet is sent to a ‘new’ destination IPv4 address. ————————————————- Operating scope The Address Resolution Protocol is a low level request and answer protocol that is communicated on the media access level of the underlying network. For  Ethernet  systems, an ARP message is the payload of Ethernet packets. ARP therefore operates only across the local link that a host is connected to. Within the framework of the  Internet Protocol Suite, this characteristic makes ARP a  Link Layer  protocol. [2] ARP is also very often discussed in terms of the  Open Systems Interconnect  (OSI)  networking model, because that model addresses hardware-to-software interfaces more explicitly and is preferred by some equipment manufacturers. However, ARP was not developed based on the design principles and strict encapsulation hierarchy of this model and, therefore, such discussions create a number of conflicts as to the exact operating layer within this model. Most often ARP is placed into the  Data Link Layer  (Layer 2), but since it requires the definitions of network addresses of the  Network Layer, it is not unusual to find it referenced at that layer. An example of use in OSI networking, is ATMARP, used to resolve  Asynchronous Transfer Mode  (ATM)  NSAP  addresses in IP over ATM deployments. ————————————————- Packet structure The  Address Resolution Protocol  uses a simple message format that contains one address resolution request or response. The size of the ARP message depends on the upper layer and lower layer address sizes, which are given by the type of networking protocol (usually  IPv4) in use and the type of hardware or virtual link layer that the upper layer protocol is running on. The message header specifies these types, as well as the size of addresses of each. The message header is completed with the operation code for request (1) and reply (2). The payload of the packet consists of four addresses, the hardware and protocol address of the sender and receiver hosts. The principal packet structure of ARP packets is shown in the following table which illustrates the case of IPv4 networks running on Ethernet. In this scenario, the packet has 48-bit fields for the sender hardware address (SHA) and target hardware address (THA), and 32-bit fields for the corresponding sender and target protocol addresses (SPA and TPA). Thus, the ARP packet size in this case is 28 bytes. Hardware type (HTYPE) This field specifies the Link Layer protocol type. Example: Ethernet is 1. Protocol type (PTYPE) This field specifies the upper layer protocol for which the ARP request is intended. For example, Internet Protocol (IPv4) is encoded as 0x0800. Hardware length (HLEN) Length (in  octets) of a hardware address. Ethernet addresses size is 6. Protocol length (PLEN) Length (in octets) of a  logical address  of the specified protocol (cf. PTYPE). IPv4 address size is 4. Operation Specifies the operation that the sender is performing: 1 for request, 2 for reply. Sender hardware address (SHA) Hardware (MAC) address of the sender. Sender protocol address (SPA) Upper layer protocol address of the sender. Target hardware address (THA) Hardware address of the intended receiver. This field is ignored in requests. Target protocol address (TPA) Upper layer protocol address of the intended receiver. ARP protocol parameter values have been standardized and are maintained by  IANA Internet Protocol (IPv4) over Ethernet ARP packet| bit offset| 0 – 7| 8 – 15| 0| Hardware type (HTYPE)| 16| Protocol type (PTYPE)| 32| Hardware address length (HLEN)| Protocol address length (PLEN)| 48| Operation (OPER)| 64| Sender hardware address (SHA) (first 16 bits)| 80| (next 16 bits)| 96| (last 16 bits)| 112| Sender protocol address (SPA) (first 16 bits)| 128| (last 16 bits)| 144| Target hardware address (THA) (first 16 bits)| 160| (next 16 bits)| 76| (last 16 bits)| 192| Target protocol address (TPA) (first 16 bits)| 208| (last 16 bits)| ————————————————- ARP probe An  ARP probe  is an ARP request constructed with an all-zero  sender IP address. The term is used in the  IPv4 Addre ss Conflict Detection  specification (RFC 5227). Before beginning to use an IPv4 address (whether received from manual configuration, DHCP, or some other means), a host implementing this specification must test to see if the address is already in use, by broadcasting ARP probe packets. ————————————————- ARP announcements ARP may also be used as a simple announcement protocol. This is useful for updating other host’s mapping of a hardware address when the sender’s IP address or MAC address has changed. Such an announcement, also called a  gratuitous ARP  message, is usually broadcast as an ARP request containing the sender’s protocol address (SPA) in the target field (TPA=SPA), with the target hardware address (THA) set to zero. An alternative is to broadcast an ARP reply with the sender’s hardware and protocol addresses (SHA and SPA) duplicated in the target fields (TPA=SPA, THA=SHA). An ARP announcement is not intended to solicit a reply; instead it updates any cached entries in the ARP tables of other hosts that receive the packet. The operation code may indicate a request or a reply because the ARP standard specifies that the opcode is only processed after the ARP table has been updated from the address fields. [4][5][6] Many operating systems perform gratuitous ARP during startup. That helps to resolve problems which would otherwise occur if, for example, a network card was recently changed (changing the IP-address-to-MAC-address mapping) and other hosts still have the old mapping in their ARP caches. Gratuitous ARP is also used by some interface drivers to effect load balancing for incoming traffic. In a team of network cards, it is used to announce a different MAC address within the team that should receive incoming packets. ARP announcements can be used to defend  link-local  IP addresses in the  Zeroconf  protocol (RFC 3927), and for IP address takeover within  high-availability clusters. ————————————————- ARP mediation ARP mediation  refers to the process of resolving Layer 2 addresses when different resolution protocols are used on multiple connected circuits, e. . , ATM on one end and Ethernet on the others. ————————————————- Inverse ARP and Reverse ARP The  Inverse Address Resolution Protocol  (Inverse ARP or InARP), is a protocol used f or obtaining  Network Layer  addresses (e. g. ,  IP addresses) of other nodes from  Data Link Layer(Layer 2) addresses. It is primarily used in  Frame Relay  (DLCI) and ATM networks, in which Layer 2 addresses of  virtual circuits  are sometimes obtained from Layer 2 signaling, and the corresponding Layer 3 addresses must be available before these virtual circuits can be used. As ARP translates Layer 3 addresses to Layer 2 addresses, InARP may be described as its inverse. In addition, InARP is actually implemented as a protocol extension to ARP. It uses the same packet format from ARP; but has different operation codes. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol  (Reverse ARP or RARP), like InARP, also translates Layer 2 addresses to Layer 3 addresses. However, while in InARP the requesting station is querying the Layer 3 address of another node, RARP is used to obtain the Layer 3 address of the requesting station itself for address configuration purposes. RARP is now obsolete. It was replaced by  BOOTP, which was later superseded by the  Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol  (DHCP). ————————————————- Proxy ARP Proxy ARP  (Address Resolution Protocol) is a technique by which a device on a given network answers the  ARP  queries for a  network address  that is not on that network. The ARP Proxy is aware of the location of the traffic’s destination, and offers its own MAC address in reply, effectively saying, â€Å"send it to me, and I’ll get it to where it needs to go. Serving as an ARP Proxy for another host effectively directs LAN traffic to the Proxy. The â€Å"captured† traffic is then typically routed by the Proxy to the intended destination via another interface or via a  tunnel. The process which results in the node responding with its own MAC address to an ARP request for a differ ent IP address for proxying purposes is sometimes referred to as ‘publishing’. ————————————————- Uses Below are some typical uses for proxy ARP: Joining a broadcast LAN with  serial  links (e. g. ,  dialup  or  VPN  connections). Assume an Ethernet broadcast domain (e. g. , a group of stations connected to the same hub) using a certain IPv4 address range (e. g. , 192. 168. 0. 0/24, where 192. 168. 0. 1 – 192. 168. 0. 127 are assigned to wired nodes). One or more of the nodes is an  access router  accepting dialup or VPN connections. The access router gives the dial-up nodes IP addressses in the range 192. 168. 0. 128 – 192. 168. 0. 254; for this example, assume a dial-up node gets IP address 192. 168. 0. 254. The access router uses Proxy ARP to make the dial-up node present in the subnet without being wired into the Ethernet: he access server ‘publishes’ its own MAC address for 192. 168. 0. 254. Now, when another node wired into the Ethernet wants to talk to the dial-up node, it will ask on the network for the MAC address of 192. 168. 0. 254 and find the access server’s MAC address. It will therefore send its IP packets to the access server, and the access server will kno w to pass them on to the particular dial-up node. All dial-up nodes therefore appear to the wired Ethernet nodes as if they are wired into the same Ethernet subnet. Taking multiple addresses from a LAN Assume a station (e. g. , a server) with an interface (10. 0. 0. 2) connected to a network (10. 0. 0. 0/24). Certain applications may require multiple IP addresses on the server. Provided the addresses have to be from the 10. 0. 0. 0/24 range, the way the problem is solved is through Proxy ARP. Additional addresses (say, 10. 0. 0. 230-10. 0. 0. 240) are  aliased  to the  loopbackinterface of the server (or assigned to special interfaces, the latter typically being the case with  VMware/UML/jails/vservers/other virtual server environments) and ‘published’ on the 10. . 0. 2 interface (although many operating systems allow direct allocation of multiple addresses to one interface, thus eliminating the need for such tricks). On a firewall In this scenario a firewall can be configured with a single IP address. One simple example of a use for this would be placing a firewall in front of a single host or group of hosts on a subnet. Example- A network (10. 0. 0. 0/8) has a server which should be protected (10. 0. 0. 20) a proxy-arp firewall can be placed in front of the server. In this way the server is put behind a firewall without making any changes to the network at all. Mobile-IP In case of  Mobile-IP  the Home Agent uses Proxy ARP in order to receive messages on behalf of the Mobile Node, so that it can forward the appropriate message to the actual mobile node’s address (Care Of Address). Transparent subnet gatewaying A setup that involves two physical segments sharing the same IP subnet and connected together via a  router. This use is documented in  RFC 1027 ————————————————- Advantages The advantage of Proxy ARP over other networking schemes is simplicity. A network can be extended using this technique without the knowledge of the upstream router. For example, suppose a host, say A, wants to contact another host B, where B is on a different subnet/broadcast domain than A. For this, host A will send an  ARP  request with a Destination IP address of B in its ARP packet. The multi-homed router which is connected to both the subnets, responds to host A’s request with its MAC address instead of host B’s actual  MAC  address, thus proxying for host B. In the due course of time, when host A sends a packet to the router which is actually destined to host B, the router just forwards the packet to host B. The communication between host A and B is totally unaware of the router proxying for each other. ————————————————- Disadvantages Disadvantage of Proxy ARP include scalability (ARP resolution is required for every device routed in this manner) and reliability (no fallback mechanism is present, and masquerading can be confusing in some environments). It should be noted that ARP manipulation techniques, however, are the basis for protocols providing  redundancy  on broadcast networks (e. g. ,Ethernet), most notably  CARP  and  Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol. Proxy ARP can create DoS attacks on networks if misconfigured. For example a misconfigured router with proxy ARP has the ability to receive packets destined for other hosts (as it gives its own MAC address in response to ARP requests for other hosts/routers), but may not have the ability to correctly forward these packets on to their final destination, thus blackholing the traffic. How to cite Address Resolution Protocol, Papers

Summary of the Story by V. Woollf “the Legacy” free essay sample

The maid announces that Miss Miller has come. Miss Miller is in mourning; her brother had died only a week or two before Angela. She cannot speak at first. She sits there dabbing her eyes with her handkerchief. Then they remember some moments of Angela life and he gives her the brooch. When Miss Miller leaves she stops on the threshold, as if a sudden thought has struck her, and with strange sympathetic expression she offers him any possible help at any time. Her words and the look that goes with them are unexpected to him. He thinks that she had entertained a passion for him, but he can only think about it as a joke. How he would have liked to share that joke with his wife! He turns instinctively to her diary and begins to read. He reads and remembers many events of their life. He recalls how they were happy together, their travels, and his successful career in politics. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of the Story by V. Woollf â€Å"the Legacy† or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And then he begins to understand that he had become more and more absorbed in his work and she was more often alone. At some moment she told him that she felt so idle, so useless. She wished to have some work of her own. He made no objection. So she began to go to the poorest district of London and to help the needy. In that period of her life she met somebody whom she addressed â€Å"B. M. † in her diary. He apparently was a socialist and criticized their social system and authorities. Gilbert finds these initials more and more often. His wife and B. M. met more and more often. Almost at the end of the diary B. M. asked her to do something serious. She refused. Then he did what he threatened. The last words at the dairy, on the very day before her death, are Have I the courage to do it too? Gilbert phones to Miss Miller to know who was B. M. She tells him that it was her brother who had killed himself. Gilbert has received his legacy. Angela had stepped off the kerb to rejoin her lover, to escape from him.