Diversity And Equality In The Workplace Social Work Essay

Decent variety And Equality In The Workplace Social Work Essay The work environment is perpetually evolving. With the quantity of working ladies rising consistently for a considerable length of time and the normal age of the workforce expanding (BBC News 2008), it is more differing than any time in recent memory. Overseeing decent variety and correspondence in the work environment is a significant administrative competency. Rewarding individuals similarly is basic to being a compelling and fruitful association. In regard of the a wide range of measurements in which individuals contrast, regardless of whether by age, sex, race, religion, handicap, or sexual direction, associations have an obligation to proactively advance fairness all through their foundation. Inside these associations workers despite everything face numerous difficulties and experience parts of disparity and separation. These issues in their particular associations are an obstacle that forestall movement and achievement and can cause the profession improvement of representatives to endure. Segregation can come in numerous structures, notwithstanding, the key factor that will be centered around with respect to separation is the discriminatory constraint and the negative impacts it has on ladies and their vocation improvement. In this exposition, the term unreasonable impediment will be characterized, reasons clarifying how and why ladies are probably going to experience the discriminatory constraint will be talked about and ideas, for example, the Queen Bee Syndrome, sexual orientation pay hole and sex belief system will be investigated. The exposition will at that point analyze the measures Human Resources specialists can take to address the issues of imbalance experienced by ladies. For ladies in the work environment, the battle to ascend the company pecking order and arrive at the top appears to be far off a direct result of the biased based impediment. The hypothesis known as the unattainable rank is characterized as fake boundaries dependent on attitudinal or hierarchical predisposition that keep qualified people from progressing to places of intensity offering more significant compensations and greater obligation and authority (International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2008). It has been realized that ladies experience huge degrees of disappointment at each phase because of the obstructions of movement despite the fact that the limited time jobs are inside sight and capacity. Flanders (1994) recommends that the explanation the hindrance of the discriminatory constraint exists and is applied upon ladies is a result of societys disposition, preference towards ladies and the assumption that the work environment and administrative position are for the m ost part male based. There are different manners by which ladies can encounter the unfair limitation with likewise a tremendous measure of proof to help this. The sexual orientation pay hole is the most usually utilized guide to show the disparity among people. The compensation hole is characterized as the deficit between how much men acquire and how much ladies procure (Padavic Reskin, 2002, p121). Contrasting time-based compensation of people, in view of the mean income, the 2009 figures expressed that womens time-based compensation was 16.4% not as much as men for full time representatives and 13.2% for low maintenance workers, in contrast with the 2008 figures of 17.4% and 15.2% individually (Office for National Statistics, 2010), however the figures despite everything stand as a high rate. Despite the fact that the Equal Pay Act (1970) was presented which makes it unlawful for bosses to segregate among people in their compensation and conditions when they are doing likewise or comparative work, work appraised as proportional, or work of equivalent worth (Government Equalities Office, 2010), ladies in the workforce despite everything keep on procuring impressively not exactly their male partners. The compensation hole is definitely of worry in the account area, in spite of ladies and men making up equivalent extents of the workers, ladies win essentially not exactly their male partners, when explored by the commission of equity and human rights (2010), the outcomes were frightening, the request found that on normal ladies win 55% not as much as men in their yearly pay rates, this figure contrasted with the normal compensation hole was altogether higher. The huge distinction in the compensation hole shows that the disparity among people is as yet present and is a zone in the work environment where there is cause for concern. For those that have broken the unfair limitation and have arrived at senior administration positions, they have not been influenced by what is known as blocked advancement. Ladies on all levels face blockages and think that its difficult to climb the company pecking order. Davidson and Cooper (1992) express that as of now advancements depend on the capacity to be versatile and move to various locales if essential. It is likewise expressed that The condition of existing conjugal connections and the inclination of most associations to advance by work move in this way make it incredibly hard for ladies to propel their vocations far (Davidson and Cooper, 1992). Sex imbalance and a sex-sex chain of command have been shaped based on societys treatment towards the genders in which men are preferred over ladies (Padavic Reskin, 2002). It is this idea wherein society has shaped previously established inclinations that the keeps an eye on occupation is better than the womans. Accordingly no do ubt a choice as great as migration would not happen based on the advancement of a lady. Ladies are additionally connected with the trait of being compliant; this thusly would likewise be a contributing element to ladies being more averse to move with their family for work in contrast with men. With the unfair limitation, sexual orientation pay hole and societys generalizations, ladies in the work environment as of now face numerous difficulties of imbalance and segregation. Presently theres a significant, and fairly surprising, expansion to the rundown known as the female chief, who shows the Queen Bee Syndrome. The Queen Bee Syndrome happens when ladies in administrative positions oppress other ladies, frequently to do with their own uncertainties and feeling compromised, this condition may now and then be as significant as sexism in keeping down womens vocations (Dobson Iredale, 2006). It is normal for ladies to feel compromised by other ladies which would bring about resistances being raised. Poe Courter (1994) show how ladies directors are not generally thoughtful concerning other ladies, in an investigation of 2,405 pregnancy-separation claims in Ohio somewhere in the range of 1985 and 1990, specialists found that 36% of the administrators who would not employ pregnan t ladies or let them come back to work were ladies (Poe Courter. 1994, p5). For ladies to beat the discriminatory limitation the Queen Bee Syndrome should be annihilated. Davidson Cooper (1992) clarifies how in their discoveries, the Queen Bee Syndrome is a sort of conduct that isn't displayed in all ladies, and there are those that have declared to put forth attempts to support other ladies. Annihilation of this disorder will possibly happen when the ladies that are in a situation to apply this conduct have confirmation that their job isn't under danger. This thus will wipe out all zones of weaknesses and along these lines the conduct that follows. Sex generalizations are the most well-known motivation behind why lady face separation and experience the biased based impediment. These generalizations are socially shared convictions that connection genders with traits and abilities and are a piece of sex belief system (Padavic and Reskin, 2002). The commission for balance and human rights (2010) states that businesses despite everything have cliché perspectives on what is characterized as womens work and mens work. This clearly can be formed and risen above into the enrollment and determination procedure of a particular activity job and segregation can happen. These steady generalizations produce a nearby ID among men and the board (McTavish Miller, 2006). It is contended that administration is a sex composed occupation and there is a high proportion of men as of now in the board jobs because of the properties required for the executives firmly connected with the qualities of men (Kakabadse, Bank Vinnicombe, 2005). Cliché though ts comparable to the workforce and the board recommend why there is word related isolation in the working environment and why men are in the senior administrative positions and why ladies experience the biased based impediment. The hypothesis of sex philosophy utilizes a lot of shared presumptions about the way genders are to conduct and certain standards and qualities related with those genders to clarify why ladies face disparity and the unfair limitation in the work environment (Padavic and Reskin, 2002). This belief system limits womens business choices as they might be esteemed unacceptable for specific jobs. Padavic and Reskin (2002) at that point lead on to talk about how this belief system prompts physical isolation which keeps ladies near the home and away from the workforce. This to a great extent identifies with societys assumptions of men being socially acknowledged as providers in the family. Since the beginning a man centric social framework, in which men have authority over ladies has won (Powell Graves, 2003). It was in the nineteenth century dependent on this social framework that the idea of the family wage hypothesis was presented. The hypothesis was a goal embraced by male exchange unionists at the turn of the nineteenth century in their battle for improved wages dependent on the contention that a compensation ought to be adequate to keep up a family (A word reference for Sociology, 2008). These days it is regularly refered to as a factor in clarifications of womens burdened situation in the working environment (A word reference for Sociology, 2008). The male centric framework and the hypothesis of family wage have imparted desires that men are the providers and suppliers for their family and ladies are mediocre compared to men. This has created after some time and has added to why ladies face the unreasonable impediment in the working environment. The job of Human Resource experts is a troublesome one; they face the job of tending to imbalance by executing approaches to determine the issue. Obviously procedures and arrangements should be set up to address the issue. An unmistakable issue that encompasses ladies is family and the capacity to think about the family. The arrangement and maintenance of fami

Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism is a development of the restoration of a traditional style of antiquated Greece as well as old Rome in embellishing expressions, writing, design, and music. One such development was predominant in Europe from the mid-eighteenth to the nineteenth hundreds of years. Neoclassicism centers around balance, principally with the utilization of circles and squares. The utilization of triangular pediments and domed rooftops is additionally common among Neoclassical design. These attributes were influenced by the Age of Reason’s thoughts that design ought to be sensible and adjusted rather than over beautifying. Neoclassicism was persuasive in the brightening expressions too.Furniture was planned by creators and delivered by furniture producers. One celebrated engineer who structured furniture is Robert Adam. Rather than the cabriole style leg, he utilized straight legs and he structured his own examples on the backs of his seat. Robert Adam’s improving expressions can be found in the insides, for example, in the Etruscan Room (figure 1) at Osterley Park House. Here, Robert Adam utilizes traditional Roman beautifying themes motivated by Herculaneum and Pompeii. Adam additionally planned level unusual boards, which were roused from Roman wall painting. figure 1Although neoclassical design was principally affected by Roman and Greek engineering, it become its very own development, with its own guidelines and driving figures. The Rotunda (figure 2) by Andrea Palladio was enlivened by the Pantheon in Rome. It thus, was roused by Brunelleschi’s twofold walled pointed curve vault. The huge windows utilized became know as Palladian windows, which is a noticeable component in neoclassical design. The Rotunda at that point impacted the Chiswick House (figure 3) structured by Lord Burlington. The Chiswick House has a basic balanced arrangement and comprise of numerous Palldian style design elements.The Chiswick House at that point affected Thomas Jeffreson’s Monticello in the United States. figure 2figure 3 By the late eighteenth century, Thomas Jefferson had grasped the neoclassical style in his plans for Monticello (figure 4) and the Virginia State Capitol (figure 5). Monticello depended on the neoclassical standards of Andrea Palladio. Monticello is comparative in appearance to the Chiswick House. The Virginia State Capitol is the main Neoclassical structure in the United States, propelled by the Mason Carae, with Etruscan steps, colonnade, and triangular pediment. Jefferson supported Neoclassicism as the authority rchitectural style of the United States, otherwise called the Federal style after the American Revolution. For Jefferson, it suggested new majority rules system by following its underlying foundations back to Greece, the starting point of popular government. (figure 4)(figure 5) Neoclassicism was something other than a classical restoration; it was a response against the over enlivening Baroque Art and the Rococo Art of the occasions. Making progress toward fairness after the transformation of United States and France, Neoclassicism immediately extended and impacted Europe and North America in enhancing expressions, writing, design, and music.In the end, it likewise lead individuals to another perspective. Book index Buie Harwood, Bridgate May, and Curt Sherman, Architecture and Interior Design through the eighteenth Century. Reference book Britannica, NEOCLASSICISM, http://lilt. ilstu. edu/jhreid/neoclassicism. htm Architecture 411, Neo-Classical Architecture, http://www. architecture411. com/notes/note. php? id_note=6 GreatBuildings, Neo-Classical Architecture, http://www. greatbuildings. com/types/styles/neo-old style. html

Join us for Twitter Talk Thursday! COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Join us for Twitter Talk Thursday! COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog We know youve got questions and we want to answer them. Our admissions and financial aid officers answer your questions about student life, the application process, fellowships and more, via emails, phone calls and the  Admissions Blog. We also host weekly webinars and in-person information sessions. But we want to do more for you. So were trying something new in the Office of Admissions Financial Aid.  Starting this month, were introducing a new way to get in touch with us:  Twitter Talk Thursdays.  This monthly, one-hour chat session will allow you to ask us in real-time your most pressing admissions questions. Not sure how to answer the optional essay? Want to confirm the types of course listings to include on your quantitative resume? Curious about the differences between scholarships and assistantships? Then this monthly event is for you! So get online, craft your questions and connect with us in 140 characters or less! (Photo courtesy of TheSocialSkinny.com) During Twitter Talk Thursdays, ask us your questions, live on Twitter, at @ColumbiaSIPA  using  #askSIPA.   To accommodate both our domestic and international applicants, were hosting two, one-hour sessions every month. (Twitter Talk Thursdays take place the last Thursday of the month.) Heres the schedule for Twitter Talk Thursdays: January 29, 2015 9:00-10:00 a.m. EST 12:00-1:00 p.m. EST A special addition for Fall 2015 applicants! The application deadline is February 5, 2015. February 26, 2015 9:00-10:00 a.m. EST 12:00-1:00 p.m. EST March 26, 2015 9:00-10:00 a.m. EST 12:00-1:00 p.m. EST April 30, 2015 9:00-10:00 a.m. EST 12:00-1:00 p.m. EST We look forward to tweeting with you! Remember, tweet us  @ColumabiSIPA  with #askSIPA.

Lighting Design for the Washginton Monument

9/11...a Turning Point - 1408 Words

9/11†¦A Turning Point There have been many turning points in American history; however none have had the same effects as September 11, 2001, and many people relate the day to the country’s loss of innocence. As a result of 9/11 many civil liberties were taken away, security was heightened, and there have been numerous effects on Americans. Although the attack happened on American soil, it can really be characterized as an attack on civilization itself, because people from more than 80 nationalities perished on that day (Hitchens). An American’s civil liberties are among some of the most important rights awarded to a citizen. After 9/11 some of those liberties were taken away by the expansion of executive power, the National Security†¦show more content†¦NRC). Anyone living in America felt there was an obvious need for heightened security following 9/11, and there is a good chance that these measures possibly halted further terrorist attacks. The aftermath of 9/11 affected many people across the country in different ways. The health of many that were near ground zero was negatively affected. There was a new found patriotism that arose from the despair, and people became more aware of their surroundings. As a result of the devastation brought on by 9/11, anyone within a reasonable distance of Ground Zero at the time of the towers’ collapse would have been exposed to the dust. The dust and debris contained numerous harmful chemicals which eventually led to health problems for those exposed to them. In addition, many concerned volunteers, contractors, and rescue workers were brought in from around the country to help in the recovery/clean-up effort at ground zero. These people were exposed to the fumes of smoldering fires as well as the dust, resulting in many health problems as well. Respiratory issues are among the most common, but many also suffer from mental trauma such as post traumatic stress disorder and depression (Geller) . A good consequenceShow MoreRelatedFrom Reagan to Obama: Turning Points in Presidencies1070 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿From Reagan to Obama Turning Points (ONE) Two Major Turning Points From Reagans Through Obamas Presidency Two major turning historical turning points during the era from Ronald Reagan through Barack Obama were: a) the end of the Cold War as Mikhail Gorbachev introduced democratic institutions into Soviet society; and b) the terrorists attacks on New York and Washington, D.C., changed the way Americans think about protecting their homeland and motivated the president (Bush) to launch a disastrousRead MoreAnalysis Of Mohsin Hamid s The Reluctant Fundamentalist890 Words   |  4 Pagesnegative aspects of American pre- and post-9/11. Her acceptance of Changez is overwhelming at first, embracing and reveling in his diversity. 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On the other handRead MoreHuntington And Mamdani s Views On Culture And Islam733 Words   |  3 Pages Huntington and Mamdani make two very different arguments. They both make points about what causes conflict. Huntington describes his theories on a future â€Å"clash of civilizations† while Mamdani argues that 9/11 did not happen because of a clash of civilizations. Mamdani also disagrees with Huntington’s opinions on culture and Islam. Huntington believes that the world can be organized by civilizations based on culture instead of political or economic systems. Huntington focuses on two civilizationsRead MoreMetcalfe County Middle School : Cumberland Comes To Town1218 Words   |  5 PagesCumberland Comes to Town For the second matchup of the year, Metcalfe County Middle School took on Cumberland at home. The 6th grade team started out on, scoring 13 of their points in the first quarter and holding Cumberland to 2 points. The second quarter was low on field goals with CCMS making the only basket. The half-time score was Metcalfe 13 to Cumberland’s 2. Rebounding between the teams were even and Aubrey Glass led rebounding for the Hornets with 7, her game high. Bree Jolly led stealsRead MoreHow Did 9/11/01 Affect the Way We Live in America Today?958 Words   |  4 PagesHow did 9/11/01 affect the way we live in America today? There have been many turning points in American History; however none have the same effect as September 11, 2001, and many Americans relate the day to the country’s loss of innocence. As a result of 9/11 many American’s lives were affected emotionally, physically, economically, and politically. A month after the terrorist attack in the US, a war was launched by the United States. This war was known as the â€Å"fight back† war. 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We don t remember a time before  ¨Can Mr. Ahmed Come to the Security Office? ¨ and  ¨ISIS has killed another 400 People in an Attack Today†¦.† To us, the distrust and dislike of Muslims isn’t just normal, it’s commonplace. Americans took the 9/11 attacks personally while Muslims took the hit, with hate crimes still five times higher than pre-9/11 some fifteen years

Address Resolution Protocol Free Essays

————————————————- Address Resolution Protocol The  Address Resolution Protocol  (ARP) is a  computer networking  protocol for determining a network host’s link layer or hardware address when only its  Internet Layer  (IP) or  Network Layer  address is known. This function is critical in local area networking as well as for routing internetworking traffic across gateways (routers) based on  IP addresses  when the next-hop router must be determined. ARP was defined by  RFC 826  in 1982. We will write a custom essay sample on Address Resolution Protocol or any similar topic only for you Order Now [1]  It is  Internet Standard  STD 37. ARP has been implemented in many types of networks, such as  Internet Protocol  (IP) network,  CHAOS,  DECNET, Xerox  PARC Universal Packet,  Token Ring,  FDDI,  IEEE 802. 11  and other  LAN  technologies, as well as the modern high capacity networks, such as  Asynchronous Transfer Mode  (ATM). Due to the overwhelming prevalence of  IPv4  and Ethernet in general networking, ARP is most frequently used to translate  IPv4 addresses  into Ethernet  MAC addresses. In the next generation Internet Protocol,  IPv6, ARP’s functionality is provided by the  Neighbor Discovery Protocol  (NDP). ———————————————— Overview and IPv4-plus-Ethernet example Consider a LAN where machines using IPv4 over Ethernet wish to communicate. A sender wishes to send a message to some other machine on the LAN and knows a destination IPv4 address. The desti nation IPv4 address is hopefully associated with some appropriate network interface belonging to the recipient machine, and is present on the LAN. But in order for communication to succeed, the sending machine  first needs to discover the ethernet MAC address of the intended recipient network interface. This requirement comes about because Ethernet hardware does not (necessarily) understand IPv4 protocols or IPv4 addresses in the sense that Ethernet hardware ‘listens out for’ relevant Ethernet MAC addresses but does not ‘listen out for’ IPv4 addresses. (An impractical alternative would be to have all units listen to every Ethernet packet and inspect the contents for relevant IPv4 addresses, discarding the packets that are intended for other devices, but this would be very inefficient. ) So before sending an IPv4 packet, the sender sends a roadcast message onto the LAN using ARP in order to discover the Ethernet MAC address of some interface that is listening for that desired target IPv4 address. Some appropriate unit replies that it has a network interface with a certain MAC address that is associated with the IPv4 address in question. The original would-be sender now has the information needed and can go ahead and send its IPv4 packet to the destination in serting it into an Ethernet frame with the correct destination MAC address for the appropriate recipient. The sender’s operating system also stores the newly discovered MAC address in a table (‘caches’ the result). This table of mappings from IPv4 addresses to MAC addresses is retained and consulted again and again, so the ARP discovery procedure only has to be performed one time, when a packet is sent to a ‘new’ destination IPv4 address. ————————————————- Operating scope The Address Resolution Protocol is a low level request and answer protocol that is communicated on the media access level of the underlying network. For  Ethernet  systems, an ARP message is the payload of Ethernet packets. ARP therefore operates only across the local link that a host is connected to. Within the framework of the  Internet Protocol Suite, this characteristic makes ARP a  Link Layer  protocol. [2] ARP is also very often discussed in terms of the  Open Systems Interconnect  (OSI)  networking model, because that model addresses hardware-to-software interfaces more explicitly and is preferred by some equipment manufacturers. However, ARP was not developed based on the design principles and strict encapsulation hierarchy of this model and, therefore, such discussions create a number of conflicts as to the exact operating layer within this model. Most often ARP is placed into the  Data Link Layer  (Layer 2), but since it requires the definitions of network addresses of the  Network Layer, it is not unusual to find it referenced at that layer. An example of use in OSI networking, is ATMARP, used to resolve  Asynchronous Transfer Mode  (ATM)  NSAP  addresses in IP over ATM deployments. ————————————————- Packet structure The  Address Resolution Protocol  uses a simple message format that contains one address resolution request or response. The size of the ARP message depends on the upper layer and lower layer address sizes, which are given by the type of networking protocol (usually  IPv4) in use and the type of hardware or virtual link layer that the upper layer protocol is running on. The message header specifies these types, as well as the size of addresses of each. The message header is completed with the operation code for request (1) and reply (2). The payload of the packet consists of four addresses, the hardware and protocol address of the sender and receiver hosts. The principal packet structure of ARP packets is shown in the following table which illustrates the case of IPv4 networks running on Ethernet. In this scenario, the packet has 48-bit fields for the sender hardware address (SHA) and target hardware address (THA), and 32-bit fields for the corresponding sender and target protocol addresses (SPA and TPA). Thus, the ARP packet size in this case is 28 bytes. Hardware type (HTYPE) This field specifies the Link Layer protocol type. Example: Ethernet is 1. Protocol type (PTYPE) This field specifies the upper layer protocol for which the ARP request is intended. For example, Internet Protocol (IPv4) is encoded as 0x0800. Hardware length (HLEN) Length (in  octets) of a hardware address. Ethernet addresses size is 6. Protocol length (PLEN) Length (in octets) of a  logical address  of the specified protocol (cf. PTYPE). IPv4 address size is 4. Operation Specifies the operation that the sender is performing: 1 for request, 2 for reply. Sender hardware address (SHA) Hardware (MAC) address of the sender. Sender protocol address (SPA) Upper layer protocol address of the sender. Target hardware address (THA) Hardware address of the intended receiver. This field is ignored in requests. Target protocol address (TPA) Upper layer protocol address of the intended receiver. ARP protocol parameter values have been standardized and are maintained by  IANA Internet Protocol (IPv4) over Ethernet ARP packet| bit offset| 0 – 7| 8 – 15| 0| Hardware type (HTYPE)| 16| Protocol type (PTYPE)| 32| Hardware address length (HLEN)| Protocol address length (PLEN)| 48| Operation (OPER)| 64| Sender hardware address (SHA) (first 16 bits)| 80| (next 16 bits)| 96| (last 16 bits)| 112| Sender protocol address (SPA) (first 16 bits)| 128| (last 16 bits)| 144| Target hardware address (THA) (first 16 bits)| 160| (next 16 bits)| 76| (last 16 bits)| 192| Target protocol address (TPA) (first 16 bits)| 208| (last 16 bits)| ————————————————- ARP probe An  ARP probe  is an ARP request constructed with an all-zero  sender IP address. The term is used in the  IPv4 Addre ss Conflict Detection  specification (RFC 5227). Before beginning to use an IPv4 address (whether received from manual configuration, DHCP, or some other means), a host implementing this specification must test to see if the address is already in use, by broadcasting ARP probe packets. ————————————————- ARP announcements ARP may also be used as a simple announcement protocol. This is useful for updating other host’s mapping of a hardware address when the sender’s IP address or MAC address has changed. Such an announcement, also called a  gratuitous ARP  message, is usually broadcast as an ARP request containing the sender’s protocol address (SPA) in the target field (TPA=SPA), with the target hardware address (THA) set to zero. An alternative is to broadcast an ARP reply with the sender’s hardware and protocol addresses (SHA and SPA) duplicated in the target fields (TPA=SPA, THA=SHA). An ARP announcement is not intended to solicit a reply; instead it updates any cached entries in the ARP tables of other hosts that receive the packet. The operation code may indicate a request or a reply because the ARP standard specifies that the opcode is only processed after the ARP table has been updated from the address fields. [4][5][6] Many operating systems perform gratuitous ARP during startup. That helps to resolve problems which would otherwise occur if, for example, a network card was recently changed (changing the IP-address-to-MAC-address mapping) and other hosts still have the old mapping in their ARP caches. Gratuitous ARP is also used by some interface drivers to effect load balancing for incoming traffic. In a team of network cards, it is used to announce a different MAC address within the team that should receive incoming packets. ARP announcements can be used to defend  link-local  IP addresses in the  Zeroconf  protocol (RFC 3927), and for IP address takeover within  high-availability clusters. ————————————————- ARP mediation ARP mediation  refers to the process of resolving Layer 2 addresses when different resolution protocols are used on multiple connected circuits, e. . , ATM on one end and Ethernet on the others. ————————————————- Inverse ARP and Reverse ARP The  Inverse Address Resolution Protocol  (Inverse ARP or InARP), is a protocol used f or obtaining  Network Layer  addresses (e. g. ,  IP addresses) of other nodes from  Data Link Layer(Layer 2) addresses. It is primarily used in  Frame Relay  (DLCI) and ATM networks, in which Layer 2 addresses of  virtual circuits  are sometimes obtained from Layer 2 signaling, and the corresponding Layer 3 addresses must be available before these virtual circuits can be used. As ARP translates Layer 3 addresses to Layer 2 addresses, InARP may be described as its inverse. In addition, InARP is actually implemented as a protocol extension to ARP. It uses the same packet format from ARP; but has different operation codes. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol  (Reverse ARP or RARP), like InARP, also translates Layer 2 addresses to Layer 3 addresses. However, while in InARP the requesting station is querying the Layer 3 address of another node, RARP is used to obtain the Layer 3 address of the requesting station itself for address configuration purposes. RARP is now obsolete. It was replaced by  BOOTP, which was later superseded by the  Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol  (DHCP). ————————————————- Proxy ARP Proxy ARP  (Address Resolution Protocol) is a technique by which a device on a given network answers the  ARP  queries for a  network address  that is not on that network. The ARP Proxy is aware of the location of the traffic’s destination, and offers its own MAC address in reply, effectively saying, â€Å"send it to me, and I’ll get it to where it needs to go. Serving as an ARP Proxy for another host effectively directs LAN traffic to the Proxy. The â€Å"captured† traffic is then typically routed by the Proxy to the intended destination via another interface or via a  tunnel. The process which results in the node responding with its own MAC address to an ARP request for a differ ent IP address for proxying purposes is sometimes referred to as ‘publishing’. ————————————————- Uses Below are some typical uses for proxy ARP: Joining a broadcast LAN with  serial  links (e. g. ,  dialup  or  VPN  connections). Assume an Ethernet broadcast domain (e. g. , a group of stations connected to the same hub) using a certain IPv4 address range (e. g. , 192. 168. 0. 0/24, where 192. 168. 0. 1 – 192. 168. 0. 127 are assigned to wired nodes). One or more of the nodes is an  access router  accepting dialup or VPN connections. The access router gives the dial-up nodes IP addressses in the range 192. 168. 0. 128 – 192. 168. 0. 254; for this example, assume a dial-up node gets IP address 192. 168. 0. 254. The access router uses Proxy ARP to make the dial-up node present in the subnet without being wired into the Ethernet: he access server ‘publishes’ its own MAC address for 192. 168. 0. 254. Now, when another node wired into the Ethernet wants to talk to the dial-up node, it will ask on the network for the MAC address of 192. 168. 0. 254 and find the access server’s MAC address. It will therefore send its IP packets to the access server, and the access server will kno w to pass them on to the particular dial-up node. All dial-up nodes therefore appear to the wired Ethernet nodes as if they are wired into the same Ethernet subnet. Taking multiple addresses from a LAN Assume a station (e. g. , a server) with an interface (10. 0. 0. 2) connected to a network (10. 0. 0. 0/24). Certain applications may require multiple IP addresses on the server. Provided the addresses have to be from the 10. 0. 0. 0/24 range, the way the problem is solved is through Proxy ARP. Additional addresses (say, 10. 0. 0. 230-10. 0. 0. 240) are  aliased  to the  loopbackinterface of the server (or assigned to special interfaces, the latter typically being the case with  VMware/UML/jails/vservers/other virtual server environments) and ‘published’ on the 10. . 0. 2 interface (although many operating systems allow direct allocation of multiple addresses to one interface, thus eliminating the need for such tricks). On a firewall In this scenario a firewall can be configured with a single IP address. One simple example of a use for this would be placing a firewall in front of a single host or group of hosts on a subnet. Example- A network (10. 0. 0. 0/8) has a server which should be protected (10. 0. 0. 20) a proxy-arp firewall can be placed in front of the server. In this way the server is put behind a firewall without making any changes to the network at all. Mobile-IP In case of  Mobile-IP  the Home Agent uses Proxy ARP in order to receive messages on behalf of the Mobile Node, so that it can forward the appropriate message to the actual mobile node’s address (Care Of Address). Transparent subnet gatewaying A setup that involves two physical segments sharing the same IP subnet and connected together via a  router. This use is documented in  RFC 1027 ————————————————- Advantages The advantage of Proxy ARP over other networking schemes is simplicity. A network can be extended using this technique without the knowledge of the upstream router. For example, suppose a host, say A, wants to contact another host B, where B is on a different subnet/broadcast domain than A. For this, host A will send an  ARP  request with a Destination IP address of B in its ARP packet. The multi-homed router which is connected to both the subnets, responds to host A’s request with its MAC address instead of host B’s actual  MAC  address, thus proxying for host B. In the due course of time, when host A sends a packet to the router which is actually destined to host B, the router just forwards the packet to host B. The communication between host A and B is totally unaware of the router proxying for each other. ————————————————- Disadvantages Disadvantage of Proxy ARP include scalability (ARP resolution is required for every device routed in this manner) and reliability (no fallback mechanism is present, and masquerading can be confusing in some environments). It should be noted that ARP manipulation techniques, however, are the basis for protocols providing  redundancy  on broadcast networks (e. g. ,Ethernet), most notably  CARP  and  Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol. Proxy ARP can create DoS attacks on networks if misconfigured. For example a misconfigured router with proxy ARP has the ability to receive packets destined for other hosts (as it gives its own MAC address in response to ARP requests for other hosts/routers), but may not have the ability to correctly forward these packets on to their final destination, thus blackholing the traffic. How to cite Address Resolution Protocol, Papers

Summary of the Story by V. Woollf “the Legacy” free essay sample

The maid announces that Miss Miller has come. Miss Miller is in mourning; her brother had died only a week or two before Angela. She cannot speak at first. She sits there dabbing her eyes with her handkerchief. Then they remember some moments of Angela life and he gives her the brooch. When Miss Miller leaves she stops on the threshold, as if a sudden thought has struck her, and with strange sympathetic expression she offers him any possible help at any time. Her words and the look that goes with them are unexpected to him. He thinks that she had entertained a passion for him, but he can only think about it as a joke. How he would have liked to share that joke with his wife! He turns instinctively to her diary and begins to read. He reads and remembers many events of their life. He recalls how they were happy together, their travels, and his successful career in politics. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of the Story by V. Woollf â€Å"the Legacy† or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And then he begins to understand that he had become more and more absorbed in his work and she was more often alone. At some moment she told him that she felt so idle, so useless. She wished to have some work of her own. He made no objection. So she began to go to the poorest district of London and to help the needy. In that period of her life she met somebody whom she addressed â€Å"B. M. † in her diary. He apparently was a socialist and criticized their social system and authorities. Gilbert finds these initials more and more often. His wife and B. M. met more and more often. Almost at the end of the diary B. M. asked her to do something serious. She refused. Then he did what he threatened. The last words at the dairy, on the very day before her death, are Have I the courage to do it too? Gilbert phones to Miss Miller to know who was B. M. She tells him that it was her brother who had killed himself. Gilbert has received his legacy. Angela had stepped off the kerb to rejoin her lover, to escape from him.

School Drop Out Rates Essay Example

School Drop Out Rates Essay One of the greatest gifts to have been bestowed upon the children of our nation is the offering of equitable academic education.   It is by means of the education presented that we as individuals are able to develop and advance the necessary skills to lead productive and prosperous lives.   In retrospect, while many may look back thankfully at the knowledge gained throughout our school years, the same may not be said for everyone, as dropout rates continue to play a dramatic role in today’s society.  Ã‚   So what are dropout rates and how are they important to not only the individual dropout but to society as well?   Throughout the following we will answer these questions as well as analyze various methods of measurement, the validity of those measurements, minority and ethnic groups affected and potential solutions regarding this crucial issue.If â€Å"knowledge is power†, then why would one opt to negate such an extraordinary gift?   Though the idea of schoo l for certain students can undoubtedly be difficult, uncomfortable and boring at times, the consequences rendered from ridding themselves of this learning process can be far more overwhelming in the long run.   Low paying jobs, illiteracy and quality of life issues are only a few such consequences.   Furthermore, individual dropouts are not the only ones to suffer from these effects.   Communities with higher dropout rates tend to have greater percentages of residents collecting public assistance, tax revenue losses and elevated crime rates.   For instance, it is believed that dropouts are 3.5 times more likely to commit crimes.   That being said, 75% of prison inmates have not graduated from a high school program. This in turn spurns greater prison costs. Additionally, studies have shown that illegal drug use may increase among high school dropouts. (Smink, J., Drew, S. Duckenfield, M., 2006)Sadly, children may also find themselves victims in the educational push and pul l as they become prone to repeating the cycle of their parents. (Smink, J., Drew, S. Duckenfield, M., 2006)   As children, we gained much knowledge by what we saw and what we â€Å"believed† to be correct.   On that note, if parents do not take their own education, or lack thereof, seriously, then it stands to reason as to what direction their children will take?   Yet, to speak of ill effects may not be enough.  Ã‚   In order to at least comprehend the magnitude of this ongoing issue and its social ramifications, governing entities must be able to statistically evaluate information that presents itself as a means to develop solutions.   Dropout rates may serve this very purpose.Since the 1970’s dropout rates have gradually decreased, yet issues of educational abandonment remain.   The compilation of data used to study dropout rates can be a promising tool not only in determining school performance but they may also be helpful in deciphering trends.  Ã‚   By studying these rates, the development of special services devoted to the reduction and prevention of dropouts from state to state can be initiated.   It is noteworthy to mention that available services come from partnered efforts such as governmental and community agencies as well as through business.  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Students generally are considered to have dropped out when they leave school, do not transfer, do not graduate and do not return to school in the next year.†Ã‚   Methods of determining dropout rates vary, however, dependant upon the question to be answered, such as specific age groups, yearly percentages or combined grade levels over a period of time.   Some of the most noted rate structures are Longitudinal, Attrition, Annual and Status Rates.   (Creech, 2000)Longitudinal Rates are useful in determining â€Å"the percentage of 9th graders who do not graduate in five years†.   Using division (No. of dropouts / No. of original class members) this rate is easily generated and offers the student a greater period of time to obtain their high school certificate.   However, due to limited availability of necessary information like that of the actual number of school transfers, the rates may not be wholly accurate.   For this reason, Longitudinal Rates are mainly projections of yearly rates.   (Creech, 2000)Similarly, Attrition Rates are determined by 9th grade percentages but do not allow for the extra (5th) year and like Longitudinal Rates certain necessary information may be lacking to accurately arrive at true percentages.   These rates are computed by subtraction and division methods using the number of 9th grade students enrolled four years prior minus the total number of graduating students and then dividing by the 9th grade enrollment numbers.   (Creech, 2000)   While difficult to understand, the following example may serve to clarify any confusion.   If we had 450 total students enrolled in 9th grade an d four years later only 350 graduated, it is obvious we would have 100 students who would considered dropouts.   If we then take those 100 students and divide it by the 450 students initially enrolled our Attrition Rate would result in 22.2% dropout rate covering that four-year period of time.School performance percentages are the primary goal of Annual Dropout Rates which compares enrollment for the months of May and June to those of the following September.   Although overall dropout percentages from year to year are easily determined by this method, state variations on grade levels included display no uniformity.   As a result, state-to-state comparisons are not feasible.   Another disadvantage of analyzing only the number of dropouts for that given year is lower percentage rates that may not paint a complete picture of the actual problem.   For instance average rates compiled over a period of four years may not correspond to yearly rates.   Lower rates can also be at tributed to the grade level variations, as states including 7th and 8th grade students in their final percentage.   Typically, students of younger age groups do not dropout of school until much later when restrictions are lifted.   In this sense, underestimation seems inevitable. (Creech, 2000)Status Rates are accumulated through U.S Census Bureau Population Surveys and are used to determine dropout rates among specific age groups and are the most beneficial or accurate rates for comparison of state-to-state percentages.   For example, Status Rates may report the percentage of 16 through 19 year-olds who have not graduated high school and who are not enrolled.   (Creech, 2000)   According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES, 2001) â€Å"in October 1999, there were 3.8 million 16-24-year-olds were not enrolled in a high school program and who had not completed high school†, regardless of when they attended school.   Consequently, 11.2% of 16 throu gh 24-year-old dropouts in the United States fell within this category.  Ã‚   Through such rates the overall dropout problem existing within our population is revealed. Status Rates can greatly aid in the furtherance of developing additional education and training designed to help incite dropouts to more readily participate within the nation’s economy as well as lead more productive lives.The NCES also computes annual Event Rate Statistics.  Ã‚   These rates encompass, ages 15 through 24-year-olds in grades 10-12 who have dropped out in the year preceding the data collection and is a valuable measure as to the effectiveness of educator’s ability to keep students enrolled.   It is important to mention that with the statistical calculations for Event Rates, students are viewed as having completed a high school program whether through traditional class work or by receiving their certification via alternate means such as a GED.   It is estimated that while over the last 25 years Event Dropout Rates have fluctuated, an overall decrease has been recorded from 6.1% in 1972 to 5.0% in 1999.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Event Status Rates (1999) also determined â€Å"5 out of every 100 young adults who were enrolled in high school in October 1998 were no longer in school and had not successfully completed high school†.   Event rates are collected through Current Population Surveys (CPS).   Such surveys allow for calculations to be determined based on characteristics such as ethnicity, sex, location of residency and income level.   For instance, the NCES has compiled data in 1999 that supported the fact that students of families in the lowest 20% of household incomes had a five times higher likelihood of dropping out of school.   Which minority groups overall are more likely to dropout of school can also be determined through Event Rates.   (NCES, 2001)According to calculated percentages Hispanics make up the majority of school dropouts among minor ity and ethnic groups.   As Creech (2000) points out, statistics set forth by the NCES, determined that 38% of Hispanic students had dropped out of school in 1998, whereas, only 17% of black students were estimated to have dropped out within that specified year.   Figures such as these may be largely due to language barriers of students born abroad or living with families where English is used primarily as a second language.  Ã‚   Overall black and Hispanic students were 2-3 times more likely to drop out of school than white students.   Other social influences that may contribute to higher   drop out rates are pregnancy, behavioral problems and self-esteem issues.   In order to combat these problems, special programs for groups like teen parents and those whose first language is not English must be instituted.   (Creech, 2000)Yet, even with the mass amounts of technical information offered as to the various methods and calculations of dropout rates, we are left with th e question, are dropout rates valid as a true account of the nationwide problem?   As discussed in earlier paragraphs, accuracy is not always achieved.   For instance, most school informational systems do not have a means to track students who have transferred to other schools or who have failed.   During calculations of Longitudinal and Attrition Rates, the only information taken into account is the number of enrolled students compared to non-enrolled students over a given time period.   As a result, actual transfer students are included as dropouts when such is not the case.   While it has neither been proved nor disproved, states that have adopted the Exit Exam policies before certification can be received, may lead to a greater percentage of students failing.   This in turn will not only lower graduation rates but may increase inaccurate dropout percentages. (Greene, J. Winters, M.A., 2005)In fact, the mere defining of the term â€Å"dropout† can in itself cr eate reporting inaccuracy.   This is primarily caused by a great number of states that differ in their opinion as to who should be counted as a dropout.   Furthermore, these variances make it nearly impossible to compare the rate of dropouts between states or statistics presented in previous years.   (Creech, 2000)Status Rates have also been criticized.   Sum and Harrington (2003) believe Status Rates, as calculated by the U.S. Department of Education are â€Å"substantially biased†.   One reason may be the denominator attributed to Status Rates that does not allow for future dropouts in students 18 through 24 years of age.   The problem being, as research has shown, it is more likely these students over the age of 18 will decide to drop out of school as they are well over the average age of their peers.Another issue presented is the exclusion of those students who have left school but have acquired their GED.   While the positive aspects of obtaining a GED may be inspiring, studies have determined that the GED is not an equitable assessment of a traditional high school diploma.   Moreover, students age 18 through 24 who have been institutionalized or imprisoned are also excluded from Status Rate calculations.   (Sum, A. Harrington, P., 2003)Overall, prevention is key in the reduction of dropout rates.   Legislative enforcements like that of The Education and Economic Development Act (2005) have been enacted to improve academic achievement while focusing on career choice, work skills and graduation rates.   (Smink, J., Drew, S. Duckenfield, M., 2006)   In addition, it may prove significantly beneficial for policymakers to set in place more advanced data   systems that can better predict and detail those students who are most likely to dropout of school.   Means of intervention via education administrators must also come into play for schools that have repeated performance issues that may diminish student motivation and incr ease dropout rates.   (Achieve, Inc., 2006)In summary, while the implementation of calculating dropout rates can be beneficial tools to the researcher, they may not serve the best interest of the community or students assessed.   Without an accurate depiction of the existing problem we cannot achieve the goal of preventing and/or reducing dropout rates. Still, we must continue on through trial, error and heated debate, in hopes of a better tomorrow for our young adults. School Drop Out Rates Essay Example School Drop Out Rates Essay One of the greatest gifts to have been bestowed upon the children of our nation is the offering of equitable academic education.   It is by means of the education presented that we as individuals are able to develop and advance the necessary skills to lead productive and prosperous lives.   In retrospect, while many may look back thankfully at the knowledge gained throughout our school years, the same may not be said for everyone, as dropout rates continue to play a dramatic role in today’s society.  Ã‚   So what are dropout rates and how are they important to not only the individual dropout but to society as well?   Throughout the following we will answer these questions as well as analyze various methods of measurement, the validity of those measurements, minority and ethnic groups affected and potential solutions regarding this crucial issue.If â€Å"knowledge is power†, then why would one opt to negate such an extraordinary gift?   Though the idea of schoo l for certain students can undoubtedly be difficult, uncomfortable and boring at times, the consequences rendered from ridding themselves of this learning process can be far more overwhelming in the long run.   Low paying jobs, illiteracy and quality of life issues are only a few such consequences.   Furthermore, individual dropouts are not the only ones to suffer from these effects.   Communities with higher dropout rates tend to have greater percentages of residents collecting public assistance, tax revenue losses and elevated crime rates.   For instance, it is believed that dropouts are 3.5 times more likely to commit crimes.   That being said, 75% of prison inmates have not graduated from a high school program. This in turn spurns greater prison costs. Additionally, studies have shown that illegal drug use may increase among high school dropouts. (Smink, J., Drew, S. Duckenfield, M., 2006)Sadly, children may also find themselves victims in the educational push and pul l as they become prone to repeating the cycle of their parents. (Smink, J., Drew, S. Duckenfield, M., 2006)   As children, we gained much knowledge by what we saw and what we â€Å"believed† to be correct.   On that note, if parents do not take their own education, or lack thereof, seriously, then it stands to reason as to what direction their children will take?   Yet, to speak of ill effects may not be enough.  Ã‚   In order to at least comprehend the magnitude of this ongoing issue and its social ramifications, governing entities must be able to statistically evaluate information that presents itself as a means to develop solutions.   Dropout rates may serve this very purpose.Since the 1970’s dropout rates have gradually decreased, yet issues of educational abandonment remain.   The compilation of data used to study dropout rates can be a promising tool not only in determining school performance but they may also be helpful in deciphering trends.  Ã‚   By studying these rates, the development of special services devoted to the reduction and prevention of dropouts from state to state can be initiated.   It is noteworthy to mention that available services come from partnered efforts such as governmental and community agencies as well as through business.  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Students generally are considered to have dropped out when they leave school, do not transfer, do not graduate and do not return to school in the next year.†Ã‚   Methods of determining dropout rates vary, however, dependant upon the question to be answered, such as specific age groups, yearly percentages or combined grade levels over a period of time.   Some of the most noted rate structures are Longitudinal, Attrition, Annual and Status Rates.   (Creech, 2000)Longitudinal Rates are useful in determining â€Å"the percentage of 9th graders who do not graduate in five years†.   Using division (No. of dropouts / No. of original class members) this rate is easily generated and offers the student a greater period of time to obtain their high school certificate.   However, due to limited availability of necessary information like that of the actual number of school transfers, the rates may not be wholly accurate.   For this reason, Longitudinal Rates are mainly projections of yearly rates.   (Creech, 2000)Similarly, Attrition Rates are determined by 9th grade percentages but do not allow for the extra (5th) year and like Longitudinal Rates certain necessary information may be lacking to accurately arrive at true percentages.   These rates are computed by subtraction and division methods using the number of 9th grade students enrolled four years prior minus the total number of graduating students and then dividing by the 9th grade enrollment numbers.   (Creech, 2000)   While difficult to understand, the following example may serve to clarify any confusion.   If we had 450 total students enrolled in 9th grade an d four years later only 350 graduated, it is obvious we would have 100 students who would considered dropouts.   If we then take those 100 students and divide it by the 450 students initially enrolled our Attrition Rate would result in 22.2% dropout rate covering that four-year period of time.School performance percentages are the primary goal of Annual Dropout Rates which compares enrollment for the months of May and June to those of the following September.   Although overall dropout percentages from year to year are easily determined by this method, state variations on grade levels included display no uniformity.   As a result, state-to-state comparisons are not feasible.   Another disadvantage of analyzing only the number of dropouts for that given year is lower percentage rates that may not paint a complete picture of the actual problem.   For instance average rates compiled over a period of four years may not correspond to yearly rates.   Lower rates can also be at tributed to the grade level variations, as states including 7th and 8th grade students in their final percentage.   Typically, students of younger age groups do not dropout of school until much later when restrictions are lifted.   In this sense, underestimation seems inevitable. (Creech, 2000)Status Rates are accumulated through U.S Census Bureau Population Surveys and are used to determine dropout rates among specific age groups and are the most beneficial or accurate rates for comparison of state-to-state percentages.   For example, Status Rates may report the percentage of 16 through 19 year-olds who have not graduated high school and who are not enrolled.   (Creech, 2000)   According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES, 2001) â€Å"in October 1999, there were 3.8 million 16-24-year-olds were not enrolled in a high school program and who had not completed high school†, regardless of when they attended school.   Consequently, 11.2% of 16 throu gh 24-year-old dropouts in the United States fell within this category.  Ã‚   Through such rates the overall dropout problem existing within our population is revealed. Status Rates can greatly aid in the furtherance of developing additional education and training designed to help incite dropouts to more readily participate within the nation’s economy as well as lead more productive lives.The NCES also computes annual Event Rate Statistics.  Ã‚   These rates encompass, ages 15 through 24-year-olds in grades 10-12 who have dropped out in the year preceding the data collection and is a valuable measure as to the effectiveness of educator’s ability to keep students enrolled.   It is important to mention that with the statistical calculations for Event Rates, students are viewed as having completed a high school program whether through traditional class work or by receiving their certification via alternate means such as a GED.   It is estimated that while over the last 25 years Event Dropout Rates have fluctuated, an overall decrease has been recorded from 6.1% in 1972 to 5.0% in 1999.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Event Status Rates (1999) also determined â€Å"5 out of every 100 young adults who were enrolled in high school in October 1998 were no longer in school and had not successfully completed high school†.   Event rates are collected through Current Population Surveys (CPS).   Such surveys allow for calculations to be determined based on characteristics such as ethnicity, sex, location of residency and income level.   For instance, the NCES has compiled data in 1999 that supported the fact that students of families in the lowest 20% of household incomes had a five times higher likelihood of dropping out of school.   Which minority groups overall are more likely to dropout of school can also be determined through Event Rates.   (NCES, 2001)According to calculated percentages Hispanics make up the majority of school dropouts among minor ity and ethnic groups.   As Creech (2000) points out, statistics set forth by the NCES, determined that 38% of Hispanic students had dropped out of school in 1998, whereas, only 17% of black students were estimated to have dropped out within that specified year.   Figures such as these may be largely due to language barriers of students born abroad or living with families where English is used primarily as a second language.  Ã‚   Overall black and Hispanic students were 2-3 times more likely to drop out of school than white students.   Other social influences that may contribute to higher   drop out rates are pregnancy, behavioral problems and self-esteem issues.   In order to combat these problems, special programs for groups like teen parents and those whose first language is not English must be instituted.   (Creech, 2000)Yet, even with the mass amounts of technical information offered as to the various methods and calculations of dropout rates, we are left with th e question, are dropout rates valid as a true account of the nationwide problem?   As discussed in earlier paragraphs, accuracy is not always achieved.   For instance, most school informational systems do not have a means to track students who have transferred to other schools or who have failed.   During calculations of Longitudinal and Attrition Rates, the only information taken into account is the number of enrolled students compared to non-enrolled students over a given time period.   As a result, actual transfer students are included as dropouts when such is not the case.   While it has neither been proved nor disproved, states that have adopted the Exit Exam policies before certification can be received, may lead to a greater percentage of students failing.   This in turn will not only lower graduation rates but may increase inaccurate dropout percentages. (Greene, J. Winters, M.A., 2005)In fact, the mere defining of the term â€Å"dropout† can in itself cr eate reporting inaccuracy.   This is primarily caused by a great number of states that differ in their opinion as to who should be counted as a dropout.   Furthermore, these variances make it nearly impossible to compare the rate of dropouts between states or statistics presented in previous years.   (Creech, 2000)Status Rates have also been criticized.   Sum and Harrington (2003) believe Status Rates, as calculated by the U.S. Department of Education are â€Å"substantially biased†.   One reason may be the denominator attributed to Status Rates that does not allow for future dropouts in students 18 through 24 years of age.   The problem being, as research has shown, it is more likely these students over the age of 18 will decide to drop out of school as they are well over the average age of their peers.Another issue presented is the exclusion of those students who have left school but have acquired their GED.   While the positive aspects of obtaining a GED may be inspiring, studies have determined that the GED is not an equitable assessment of a traditional high school diploma.   Moreover, students age 18 through 24 who have been institutionalized or imprisoned are also excluded from Status Rate calculations.   (Sum, A. Harrington, P., 2003)Overall, prevention is key in the reduction of dropout rates.   Legislative enforcements like that of The Education and Economic Development Act (2005) have been enacted to improve academic achievement while focusing on career choice, work skills and graduation rates.   (Smink, J., Drew, S. Duckenfield, M., 2006)   In addition, it may prove significantly beneficial for policymakers to set in place more advanced data   systems that can better predict and detail those students who are most likely to dropout of school.   Means of intervention via education administrators must also come into play for schools that have repeated performance issues that may diminish student motivation and incr ease dropout rates.   (Achieve, Inc., 2006)In summary, while the implementation of calculating dropout rates can be beneficial tools to the researcher, they may not serve the best interest of the community or students assessed.   Without an accurate depiction of the existing problem we cannot achieve the goal of preventing and/or reducing dropout rates. Still, we must continue on through trial, error and heated debate, in hopes of a better tomorrow for our young adults.

Evaluate the Market Research Method Used by a Selected Organization Research Paper Example

Evaluate the Market Research Method Used by a Selected Organization Research Paper Example Evaluate the Market Research Method Used by a Selected Organization Paper Evaluate the Market Research Method Used by a Selected Organization Paper Evaluate the Market Research Method Used by a Selected Organization BY nali143 Dl evaluate the market research method used by a selected organisation Introduction I am going to evaluate the market research methods IVe used in P3 to carry out my marketing research into the restaurant industry; I will talk about the strength and weaknesses of the methods. In addition I will also give recommendations for improving the methods and Justifications for improving them. Criteria Strengths Weaknesses Recommendation from improving the method Justification for improving the method Questionnaires The strength of questionnaires is it can give an insight into respondents thoughts and opinions and also cost efficient as it is inexpensive. The weakness of questionnaire would be that respondents may be influenced the researcher and therefore compromise its validity. In addition questionnaires must be kept short to avoid confusing the respondent. To improve the method of questionnaires in my research would be to use a bigger sample size than 20 as it does not give a much broader insight into peoples opinions. The reason I would need to improve and use a bigger sample size is that 20 sample sizes does not give much insight into peoples houghts and opinions as its too small and to improve my results I would need use a much bigger sample size maybe 300 at least. Office for National statistics (ONS) The strength of using ONS statistics is that its a reliable source and well researched and doubled checked to make sure its correct. The weakness of ONS would be that it is time consuming as ONS produces wide range statistics from economy to market industry statistics. For example as I was researching for Maliah Miah into the restaurant industry, I had to browse ONS website and find the information that specific and relevant to my research which took I a bit of time. To improve this method I recommend using the search engine provided by ONS website to narrow down the information relevant and specific to your research. The reason this method needs improving is that it can be really time consuming to browse the ONS website for hours looking for information that is relevant to your research so it would be quicker using search engines to narrow down the information by typing into search engine bar. For example if youre looking for statistics related to the restaurant industry you would type restaurant industry which would return a hit and results elated to the restaurant industry and then pick out the information relevant to your research. Internet The strength of using the internet for your research is that you have access to wide range of information; its also fast and time efficient. The weakness of using internet if the information youre looking at is correct and up to date. To improve the method of using internet for your research , I would recommend checking the reliability of the information youre looking and cross check your results to make sure that they are correct , in addition also check the time and date the information was last updated or odified as this gives you an idea of the accuracy of the information. The reason you would need to improve this method is that if youre carrying out a research , your information needs to be reliable , up-to date and accurate and if its not your whole research ceases to be valid as it cannot be relied on to make decisions. Keynotes The strength of using keynotes for your research is that its reliable and accurate as its produced by the city of business in Moorgate. In addition it records trends over the years and since its collection of information its easy to analyse. The weakness of sing keynotes for your research are its time consuming to find specific information that is relevant to your research and also it may be expensive as you have to purchase it from the city of business library in Moorgate. My recommendation for improving keynotes as a method for your research would be to look at the index page and the contents page to find the relevant information that specific to your research. Using the index you can alphabetically pinpoint the information youre looking for and turn to that page to read about and implement the information into to your research. My Justification for improving this method is that it would easier and not time consuming to pinpoint and find the information that specific and relevant to your research. No one wants to sift through lots of information to find the date theyre looking for as this would not be time efficient method so using the index and contents page to find the information youre looking for would save time and make the researcher time efficient Stages of research The strength of the stages of the research is that its concise and easily laid out timeline which shows when each aspect of the research would be completed. For example stage one of the research which research brief would be completed by 5th march 2013 followed by stage two which should be completed a week later on 12th of march 2013. Stage two :Define the issue The strength of the stage two: define the issue is that youre able determine problem presented by your client and plan the ways you to solve those problems and carry out your research. Stage three: set objectives The strength of setting objectives is that it gives you an idea of you want to achieve by the end your research and also serves as guideline of what you need to cover throughout your research Stage four: write a research proposal plan of work The strength of writing research plan of work is that you as the researcher are able to specify the information you need to collect for your research and the timings for collecting each aspect of your data. Stage five: collection of data The strength of stage five is that youre able to gather the date you intended to collect for your research using the timings and the methods specified in stage four The strength of stage six is that once the researcher has collected his data, he is able to analyse and interpret the results from his research and also clarify the uantitative and qualitative data he acquired. Stage eight: Re-evaluate the market research The strength of stage 8 is that once the researcher has completed his research his able to look back in hindsight and look at anything that may have been missed or could have been done better as this could provide useful feedback for his next research and implement the things he could have done better and missed out. The weakness of using the stages of research time line is that one of aspect of the research stage may take longer than week which would mean the delaying of the other aspects of the research which would not be time efficient and cause onfusions. I will list the weakness of each aspect of the research below Stage two :Define the issue The weakness of defining the issue is that if the researcher does not truly understand what research to carry out, it will lead to the researcher undertaking inappropriate and irrelevant research that is not relevant to the client. Stage three: set objectives The weakness of setting objectives is that if its not realistic and measurable it cannot be achieved. In addition if the researcher does not clarify what needs to be covered, it could cause confusions and therefore cause delays in carrying out the research. The weakness of stage four is that if the researcher does not specify what information to collect , how its going to be collected and when to collect , it can cause confusion and delay the research therefore its paramount to establish the timings and the data that needs to collected. Stage five: collection of data The weakness of stage five is that if the researcher does not clarify the objectives and the data that needs to be collected it would lead to him collecting irrelevant information and unnecessary data. Stage six: Analysis and evaluation The weakness of stage six is that if the researcher has collected irrelevant and nnecessary data his research ceases to be valid therefore the client cannot trust the results of his research as its validity has been compromised. Stage eight : re-evaluate the market research There isnt any weakness in evaluating the market research as you are Just going back to your research to see if youVe missed anything that you needed to cover or any other aspect of the research you could have done better. My recommendation for improving using the stages of research would be to have trial run before you undertake or carry out your research as this not only prepares but also gives the esearcher an idea of how long each aspect of the research would take in terms of time. Stage two: Define the issue he completely understand the issues before carrying out his research. Stage three: My recommendation for improving stage three is that the researcher ensures that he is using the SMART method and clarifies all the objectives he needs to cover. My recommendation for improving stage four is that the researcher sets out a timeline covering all the information that needs to collected, when it needs to collected by and how its going to be collected. Stage five: collection of data My recommendation for improving stage five is that the researcher clarifies the objectives and which data needs to be collected. My recommendation for improving stage six is that the researcher avoids collecting irrelevant data by ensuring he understands which data needs to collected and the objectives he needs to cover. Stage eight : re-evaluate the market research My recommendation for improving stage eight is that the researcher ensures he covered all the objectives and collected the data to avoid missing anything. My Justifications for improving the stages of research method would be that its a ood idea for the researcher to first have trial run as it gives the researcher an idea of how much time stage of the research requires, this then allows the researcher to plan his research time efficiently and avoid delays and confusions. Stage two: Define the issue My Justification for improve stage two is that if the researcher completely understands the issues , he will be able to avoid carrying out irrelevant research that is not specific to his research and therefore the researcher does not waste his time undertaking irrelevant research. Stage three: set objectives My Justification for improving stage three is that if the researcher is using SMART method to set his objectives its realistic, measurable and therefore achievable and also if the researcher clarifies the objectives he needs to cover he is avoiding the confusions and the delay it would cause if he didnt. My Justification for improving stage four is that if the researcher sets out a time line covering the data that needs to be collected, when to collect the data and how its as it ensure the smooth undertaking of the research. Stage five: collection of data My Justification for improving stage five is that if the researcher clarifies his bjectives and the type of data that needs to be collected it helps him to avoid collecting irrelevant data therefore ensuring the validity of his research is not compromised. My Justification for improving stage six is that if the researcher ensures he completely understands the data the needs to be collected and the objectives he needs to cover will help him avoid collecting irrelevant data therefore not compromising the validity of his research. Stage eight : re-evaluate the market My Justification for improving stage eight is that if the researcher double checks and nsures he covered all the objectives and collected all the data will help him avoid missing anything and therefore making sure his research is completed. Conclusion In conclusion, I believe the marketing research methods of questionnaires, keynotes, internet, ONS and research stages are all paramount in assisting the researcher to efficiently and effectively to carry out his research and also asses the validity and accuracy of his research. in addition using the recommendation and Justifications I provided , the researcher will be able to better research data and ensure the validity and accuracy of his information is not compromised.

Enlightenment or the Great Awakening Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Enlightenment or the Great Awakening - Essay Example In reaction, a new spiritual renewal, â€Å"characterized by great fervor and emotion in prayer,† (Great-Awakening.com) was begun by the Wesley brothers and George Whitefield. This movement of religious revival, which crossed the Atlantic and swept over the American Colonies, particularly New England, between 1730 and 1745, is termed The Great Awakening. George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards were the most prominent preachers of this movement. The Great Awakening greatly impacted the ideological development of the Colonies. Unlike the earlier doctrine of the Puritans, the new doctrine promised the grace of God to all who experienced a desire for it. It emphasized greater intimacy with God and encouraged overt emotional expression. More importantly, a personal approach to salvation took precedence over church dogma. This undermined the authority of the church leaders and transferred power to the congregation. A large number of new religious denominations were formed. Ironically, this splintering of the hitherto dominant Puritan and Anglican groups led to a unification of the American Colonies and the birth of a â€Å"national consciousness† and an American identity. The Great Awakening was the ideological root of the American Revolution, as it effectively undermined the belief that the monarchy was sanctioned by God. The movement engendered the notion of a consensual government and the belief that State rule was a c ontract of the government with the people. Individualism in religion formed the basis for the desire for political independence. The Great Awakening united the colonists in anti-Catholic sentiment. This later metamorphosed into a deep anti-British fervor. The colonists realized that just as religious power lay in their own hands, so also could they take on the reins of government. The ideology of self-governance was an off-shoot of the Great

(you can choose the paper topic) Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

(you can choose the topic) - Research Paper Example There are several motivations he cites for the call for nonviolent action. To begin with, he cites ways in which can injustice can be discovered and according to him, there was racial injustice against the minority. Further, he notes the prevalence of two types of laws, the just and the unjust. He says that the unjust law leads to unfair treatment of the minority people and goes ahead to state that, such a law is not law at all and therefore, it should be abolished by all means. King goes ahead to express his disappointment in all the people who witness the injustice happening in their midst and chose to remain silent about it. Most of his disappointment is directed to his fellow religious colleagues who he feels have done very little to fight the racial injustices. It is then that he calls for them to help restore equality by telling that they cannot sit idly as Christians and allows their brethren to suffer. His call for action and why it is very important for everyone to unite and fight alongside him has been retaliated all throughout the letter and especially at the end. King’s letter has effectively used major appealing techniques to show the evil of racial injustice and call for action to fight for equality. This paper seeks to show the relevance and credibility of King’ letter in his quest for equality. King’s letter is very appealing especially since his conclusion for the fight of racial injustices involves the call for nonviolent action. He notes that non-violent action is the future for the civil rights movement as it does not aggravate the situation. While the term ‘nonviolent’ action seems to be ambiguous, he goes ahead to explain what exactly he means by nonviolent action and what actions constitute nonviolent action. He provides a list of the nonviolent actions which are intended to provide insights into the questions he poses, â€Å"Why direct action, why sit-ins, marches and so forth?† (King, 1963, p. 214). It is

An Analysis of Such a Long Journey by Rohinton Mistry

An Analysis of Such a Long Journey by Rohinton Mistry AN EXPLORATION OF SOCIO- POLITICAL CONCERNS IN ROHINTON MISTRYS SUCH A LONG JOURNEY Abstract Social, political, and historical event continue to be a significant theme adopted by various writers throughout the world to reveal the situations that occurred in the past and continue till date. Contemporary Indian writers use these themes to reflect the impact of events and its effect on the ordinary people. They mainly focus on socio-political issues like war, violence, displaced communities, and marginalization. Rohinton Mistry is one among these writers whose works reflect the contemporary social and political life of the parsi community. Nostalgia, alienation, diaspora, politics and marginalization form the basic tenet of Rohinton Mistrys novels. Such a Long Journey is one of the important works by Mistry which explore the various aspects of India like culture, community, administration, society, life, and faith of the Parsi community. Mistry, re-portrays the historical backdrop of this group and nation as it has been in the post-independence period. This paper attempts to an alyze the experience, anguish, and the nostalgic feeling of the Parsi community in India even after the independence. Keywords: Nostalgia, diaspora, alienation and politics Introduction Parsis are the small group of people described as an ethno-religious minority who are the faithful followers of Zoroastrianism. These minority people are separated from Iran to avoid forced conversion into Islam community. Finally, they came to India and got settled and practiced their faith. India is like a heaven for them but they are subjected to marginalization. Parsis writing illustrates the life and experiences of the past and present-dayParsis in India. Being the minority community, the Parsis feel insecured, alienated, nostalgic and feel threatened by the dominant Hindu culture. These are also major themes in Parsis literature. According to N.S Dharan, post-independent Parsi writing in English is ethnocentric, culture-specific and community oriented (7).Many writers are inclined to write about the contemporary political condition of the nation and their community especially about the Parsi community who merely struggles under the governments hegemony. Bapsi Sidhwa, Firdaus Kanga, Boman Desai are well-known Parsi writers whose works reflect the contemporary socio-political issues faced by the Parsi community. Rohinton Mistry is one among these writers. He is of Indian origin and belongs to Parsi community. Mistry developed as a significant and notable literary figure during the contemporary periods. He was an Indo-Canadian novelist and short story writer. He was born in 1952 in Bombay and immigrated to Canada in 1975. He studied English and Philosophy as a part-time scholar at the University of Toronto. His notable fictional works are Such a Long Journey (1991), A Fine Balance (1995), and Family Matter (2002) and non-fictions are Tales from Firozsha Baag (1987), Searching for Stevenson (1994), and The scream (2006). His works are intact with the major themes like religion, community, politics, human relationship, diaspora, alienation, nostalgia, and homelessness. Such a Long Journey His first novel, Such a Long Journey portrays the common lifestyle and anxieties of the Parsi community during post-Independent India, it also explores the social, political, and cultural chaos during the early sixties and seventies. The title of the novel, Such a Long Journey has been taken from the poem The Journey of the magi by T.S. Eliot. A cold coming we had of it, Just the worst time of the year For a journey, and such a long journey. (qtd in Mistry i) Eliots poem is extremely emblematic. The journey of the three wise man who wants to visit the birthplace of Jesus Christ undertakes a hazardous journey and overcome many problems and difficulties in life. Similarly, this novel is also symbolic representing the long journey of the Gustard Noble who overcomes many ups and downs in his life. The novel is set in Bombay against the milieu of the Indo-Pakistan war in 1971 which gave raise to new independent country, Bangladesh. It also deals with the major political issues like corruption, domination, and unlawful government. The novel has won many awards like Governor Generals Award, the commonwealth writers prize for the best manuscript and has also shortlisted for the Prestigious Booker Prize. Such a Long Journey is one of the remarkable and best works by Rohinton Mistry which portrays the realistic conditions and political history of the Indian society especially the life of the Parsi community before and after independence. Mistry has well studied the history, social and political condition of India during his stay in Bombay and has adapted it in the novel, which is interesting and traditionally significant. Jasbir Jain says that, Rohinton Mistrys work raises a whole lot of other questions specifically related to the homeland and political memory. Neither nostalgia nor memory in itself can account for this rootedness and preoccupation with the homeland and the environment boundaries of the city of birth. (qtd in Dhodiya 42) Such a Long Journey is an imaginative story which explores the life and anguish of the middle-class Parsi people. Amrijit Singh says, Such a Long Journey is the story of Gustad Noble, the little man who holds on to his dignity, strength, and humanity in a sweltering tide of disappointment, confusion, betrayal and corruption (214). The author describes the pitiable circumstances and the melancholic story of Gustad Noble, who is the protagonist of the novel. He belongs to the middle-class Parsi community, who worked as a clerk in a bank. Being a clerk, he has to face many problems in life. He was a dedicated family man, works very hard to uphold his familys financial situation. Noble was a father of three children, elder son Sohrab, youngest son Darius and Roshan, his daughter. He lived in the Khodadad building with his family where most of the Parsis reside. Major Jimmy Bilimoria and Dinshawji are the faithful friends of him who also lived along with the Noble family in the Khodadad b uilding. Parsi communities are shaken by the rise of Shiv Sena in Bombay, the party promises to give job for the middle-class people. The party is against the South Indian immigrants, typically immigrants from Tamil Nadu especially the job seekers. The party Shiv Sena in the novel is despised by the Parsi people as the supporters of the Shiv Sena ill-treated the individuals of the Parsi community as a Parsi crow-eaters. Furthermore offending the communitys funeral cremations, Dinshawji and Gustadare frightened that the Parsis might become second-class citizens in the future. Gustad says, No future for minorities, with all these fascist Shiv Sena politics and Marathi language nonsense. It was going to be like the black people in America-twice as good as the white man to get half as much(SLJ 7). The novel charmingly reveals the certain political conflicts which affected the life of ordinary middle-class people. Dr. Paymaster says, Our beloved country is a patient with disease at an advanced stage. Dressing the wound or sprinkling rose-water over it to hide the smell of decaying tissue is useless. Fine words and promises will not cure the patient. The decaying part must be removed. You see, the municipal corruption is merely the bad smell, which will disappear as soon as the decaying government at the Centre is removed. (SLJ 313) The above quote describes the present political condition of India. Government is the only root cause of all the troubles and problems which occurs in India. Such problematic people should be thrown out of the country. Gustad Nobles hallucinations and ambitions are quite ambiguous. Many uncertain events have taken place in Nobles life. Firstly, his friend Major Jimmy who is a gentleman and also philosopher to him, suddenly disappears from the Khodadad building. Secondly, his son Sohrab refuses to register as a scholar in IIT where he got the admission. Noble has a great hope for his son Sohrabs future and wants to reclaim his familys lost prosperity. But his dreams are spoiled and he loses his hope on him. Moreover, Sohrabs unpleasant behavior during his sisters birthday was unbelievable which shocked Noble and he wanted to know the reason behind his unacceptable behavior. Sohrab replies: Its not suddenly. Im sick and tired of IIT, IIT, IIT all the time. Im not interested in it, Im n ot a jolly good fellow about it, and Im not going there. (SLJ 48) Sohrab discloses his wish to study Arts programme with his friends. Gustadwas unable to control his anger in front of his wife Dilnavaz, who herself was stumped, wants him to be quite. Noble says it is his obligation to look after his sons future. Gustad fears that there is no life and occupation for the minorities in Bombay mainly due to unlawful government. Dinshawji reminds the good old days of the parsis: What fun we used to haveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.parsis were the kings of banking in those days. Such respect we used to get. Now the whole atmosphere only has been spoiled. Ever since that Indira nationalized the banks.(SLJ 38). Noble being an ordinary middle-class man had to face many trials in life. For example, the mysterious parcel which he had received from his friend Major Jimmy, slowly pulled him into a government deception including threats, corruption, and robbery which turns his life into a great tragedy. The mysterious parcel that contained ten lakh rupees invited a lot of trouble which puts him in addition to the existing problem. Moreover, the outside wall of the khodadad building that is considered as the sacred wall and security for his family is demolished by the government as a means of extending the road. These untoward incidents affects Noble so much that he feels frustrated and alienated. The wall is symbolic of the Parsi community. Once it is destroyed, Noble feels that the security of the Parsi community is under threat. Nilufer Bharucha says that the wall both includes and excludes. It is protective as well as reductive. It protects theParsee community from the ingressof the engulfing Indian world. However, it also makes this world isolationist (123). The problems multiplied when Noble found that his friend Major Jimmy Bilimoria was arrested. He is one of his close friends and also like a second father to Nobles children. He utters about his difficulties and Indias political situation during the tenure of Indira Gandhi as the prime minister. Major Jimmy was instructed through the phone by the PM Indira Gandhi to withdraw the sum of 60 lakh rupees from the SBI bank on the emergency basis. Later, police found that it was illegal money and PM refuses to accept that she was directly involved in the money scandal. Major Jimmy was arrested and tortured by the police. He was imprisoned for four years. Finally, he becomes bedridden and died due to heart attack before the period of his imprisonment gets over. This pitiable condition of the Major in the novel is very painful. Mistry beautifully describes the sorrowful situation of the Parsi people through Major Jimmy: On the bed lay nothing more than a shadow. The shadow of the powerfully built army man who once lived in Khodadad building. His hairline had receded, and sunken cheeks made the bones jut sharp and grotesque. The regal handlebar mustache was no more. His eyes had disappeared within their sockets. The neck, what he could see of it, was as scrawny as poor behest Dinshawjis while under the sheet there seemed barely a trace of those strong shoulders and deep chest which Gustard and Dilnavaz used to point out as a good example to their sons, reminding them always to walk erect, with chest out and stomach in, like Major Uncle. (SLJ 267) When Gustard returns from the funeral of Major Jimmy, Dilnavaz asks her son to speak to his father. But Sohrab refuses to speak to his father because he says to his mother about the fathers reaction towards him: its no use. I spoilt all his dreams, he is not interested in me anymore. (SLJ 321).The family is disintegrated due to politics. The distress of the Parsi community is well portrayed in Such a Long Journey. The inhabitants of Khodadad building represents the unity among the Parsi community. Mistry hints that when that wall is destroyed the community collapses. Mani Meitei notices that: though Mistry is highly imbued with an original writers imagination in the development of a flawless story in Such a Long Journey, his awareness of the contemporary social and political situation of India, particularly the period of the 1971 Indo-Pak war, is extremely exciting. As a realist, he wields the weapon of satire, which makes him a ruthless artist, a harsh political satirist and a devout critic of war. (9) Mistry portrays the agony of Parsi community during the reign of Indira Gandhi. The Parsi community stands as a marginalized minority community. Their sense of displacement is perfectly picturized by Mistry thus: Tell me what happens to my life, Rubbed out, just like that? Tell me (SLJ 74). Not only Gustad is affected but also the whole community which lives in the Khodadad building suffers. Gustad tries to bring in unity among the Hindus and the Parsis, but gets deeply hurt when the building collapses. His enthusiasm, thoughts, and desires was destroyed. Firstly, unexpected departure of major Billimoria from the Khodadad building. Secondly, his daughter Roshans illness, thirdly, Sohrabs disloyalty and finally tragic death of his friends makes him to suffer more. In addition to this, the Khodadad building collapses. Mistry stoically says it was becoming too much to bear, Roshans sickness, Jimmys treachery, Dinshawji stupidity, sohrabs betrayal, nothing but worry and sorrow and disapp ointment piling up around him, walling him in, and threatening to crush him. He moved his massaging hand from the forehead to his nape and closed his eyes (SLJ 177). All these incidences falls as a blow on Gustad head. Gustad makes a journey which is full of up and downs. Conclusion The novel clearly explores the socio-political issues which affect the lives of the characters and also the anxieties about their future as minority people. Mistry has effectively intertwined components of Parsi society and religion in his writing. It signifies different classes, professions, caste, and daily lives of the common parsi people in a unique way. He utilize his writing as a weapon against the exploiters and giving the reader information about the political exploitation and its consequence on the common middle-class people. In one of the interviews conducted by Ali Lakhani, Mistry says that a new country is revealed with its wonders, life isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..a journey without destination. Sort of like a wall that goes on and on with pictures (1-2).Such a Long Journey thus beautifully reveals the huge picture of the Parsi community in India. Works Cited Bharucha, Nilufer.Rohinton Mistry: Ethnic Enclosures and Transcultural Spaces, Jaipur and New Delhi: Rawat Publications, 2003. Dharan, N.S. Ethnic Atrophy Syndrome in Rohinton Mistrys Fiction. Parsi Fiction Vol 2. ed. by Kapadia, Novy. New Delhi. 2004. Dodiya, Jaydipsinh. Perspectives on the Novels of Rohinton Mistry, New Delhi: Sarup Sons, 2006. Print. Meitei, Mani M.-Such A Long Journey and its Critical Acclaim The Fiction of Rohinton Mistry: Critical Studies, ed. Jaydipsinh Dodiya. New Delhi: Sarup and Sons, 2005. Mistry, Rohinton. Such a Long Journey. New York: Faber and Faber Ltd, 1991. Print. Singh, Amrijit. Rohinton Mistry(1952- ). Writers of Indian Diaspora,A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Source. ed. Nelson Emmanuel. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1993. Lakhani, Ali The Long Journey of Rohinton Mistry. Interview at the Vancouver International Writers Festival. Canadian Fiction Magazine. 1989.www.rungh.org/issues/Rungh_v2_n1-2.pdf.